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        <div id="content-top1">Page 79 - Dny práva 2014. Část II. - Bermudský trojúhelník obchodního práva III</div>
        <div id="content-top2">P. 79</div>
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    <pre style="white-space:pre-line"><code>Bermudský trojúhelník obchodního práva III

            Distinction between by effect and by object agreements is essential for its
            assessment by competition authorities that in case of object agreements
            do not assess effects of such agreement because they presume its harmful-
            ness for undistorted competition based on its goal. So far there has been
            relatively  comforting  assumption  for  competition  authorities  and  courts
            that generally all agreements regarding directly or indirectly price, output
            or sharing markets are inherently considered as harmful for competition,
            thereby agreements by object, e.g. cartels. Nevertheless General court has
            weakened this relatively stable and long-standing assumption by its decision
            from 11 September 2014 in case C-67/13 Groupment des cartes bancaires.
            Ambition of this paper is to analyze this decision and assess its impact for
            further distinguishing between agreements by object and by effect in com-
            petition law practice.
            Keywords
            Anticompetitive Agreement; Object; Effect; Cartel; Competition; Relevant
            Market.


            Úvod

            Soutěžní  právo  standardně  rozlišuje,  zda  posuzovaná  dohoda  soutěžitelů
            má  za cíl  narušení  hospodářské  soutěže,  nebo  zda  narušení  hospodář-
            ské soutěže může být jejím výsledkem. Nasnadě je pak otázka, se kterou
            se musejí v praxi vypořádávat praktici soutěžního práva, a to, kde leží hra-
            nice mezi touto „cílovostí“ a „výsledkovostí“ dohody. Rozlišení toho, zda
            posuzovaná dohoda mezi soutěžiteli spadá do kategorie cílové či výsled-
            kové, je totiž zcela zásadní pro její posuzování soutěžními úřady v EU, které
            v případě cílových dohod nejsou dle judikatury Soudního dvora nuceny pro-
            vádět žádné zkoumání skutečných účinků takovéto dohody na trhu, neboť
            jejich škodlivost hospodářské soutěži je presumována na základě jejich cíle. 1
            Dosud panoval pro soutěžní úřady i soudy relativně komfortní předpoklad,
            že obecně všechny dohody, které se přímo či nepřímo týkají cen, omezování

            1   Srovnej Communication from the Commission — Notice — Guidelines on the appli-
                cation of Article 81(3) of the Treaty (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal C 101,
                27/04/2004 P. 0097 – 0118. (dále jen “Pokyny EK k aplikaci článku 101 odst. 3 SFEU“)
                Bod. 20.


                                            79</code></pre>
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