Page 537 - Актуальные проблемы обучения русскому языку XIII

criterias, the incorrect identification of error's qualities entails disputes between experts'
grades. As a result, there may be bias in the paper's review, which contributes to the exam
points. Because of this, the problem of correct error qualification is relevant.
The question arises as to why there is a problem of incorrect identification of error's
qualities in the first place. First of all, so-called school and higher education grammars have
different interpretation of errors (Hristolyubova 2015, 71). This is seen in cases of
orphographic and grammatical error distinction (нравится — нравиться, в отличие — в
отличии etc.). Secondly, when we deal with speech-grammar errors, quite often we can
encounter mixed phenomenons. Because of that, it can be quite hard to identify what came
first – grammatical norm violation or speech error. Futhermore, grammatical errors are
usually divided into morphological and syntactic ones. Some researches identify
morphological derivation errors as the grammatical ones, while others identify them as the
speech ones. And finally, in many cases the definitions of errors themselves, given in
scientific and methodological literachure, do not clarify the differentiation of certain errors.
The aim of this article is to clarify and concretize some of the error's definitions in
order to correctly qualify and minimize them when reviewing creative writing tasks in State
Final Attestation in Russian language.
Let us turn to errors' identification. Experts, while reviewing papers, are guided
primarily by the “Methodical recommendations on grading the completion of essays” made
in accordance with the Thematic work plan of Federal Institute of Pedagogical
Measurements. The purpose of this manual is to train experts how to grade essays, which is
a part of controlling and measuring materials for passing the Unified State Exam in Russian
language.
Thus, orthographic error is usually defined either as an incorrect writing of the word
or as an error in the spelling that violates some of the orthographic rules. Orthographic
norms are established by academic orthographic dictionaries and handbooks. Orthographic
error can only be found in the writing language, usually in weak phonetic positions
(unstressed vowels or consonants that are placed either at the end of the word or before
other consonants) or in words that may be written together, separately or with hyphen.
Such error can only be seen and never heard: в крепосте, в крайним случае, незнал, где
то, полананаса.
As it is known, Russian orthography consists of five main sections:
1) phonetic transcription
2) how words and their parts are written (together, separately, with hyphen)
3) usage of uppercase and lowercase forms of letters
4) hyphenation of the word's part from one line to another
5) typographical abbreviations
Several principles lie in the root of modern Russian orthography. The main one is the
morphological principle, which states that morphemes are attached without modification,
although sounds that are contained in this morpheme, when pronounced, may change.
Guided by such principle, we can check the correctness of such-and-such morpheme by
checking cognate words or modifying the word's form in such way that puts morpheme in a
strong position — meaning it is clearly designated. Morphological principle plays a great role
in Russian orthography, since linguistic alternation is a widely developed system in Russian
language.
Phonetic principle, according to which words or their parts are written the same way
they are pronounced, is also active, along with morphological one.
Another principle of Russian orthography is the etymological, or historic, one,
according to which words are written the way they were written long time ago.

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