﻿<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, height=device-height, initial-scale=0.5, minimum-scale=0.5, user-scalable=yes, maximum-scale=2.0, target-densitydpi=device-dpi" />
				<meta name="robots" content="all"/>
        <meta name="description" content="description">
        <meta name="keywords" content="">
        <title>Page 49 - Mongolian Ritual Texts in Manuscript Collections in the Czech Republic</title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
body {
	margin-left: 0px;
	margin-top: 0px;
	margin-right: 0px;
	margin-bottom: 0px;
}
  
#container {margin:50px auto;padding:0px;width:910px;}
#left-button{ width:90px; height:100%;float:left }
#middle{ width:730px; margin:0px; float: left;}
#right-button{ width:90px; float:left;}
html, body, div, ul, li, dl, dt, dd, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, form, input, dd,select, button, textarea, iframe, table, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
img { border: 0 none; displayblock}
span,ul,li,image{ padding:0px; margin:0px; list-style:none;}
#top-title{ width:714px; margin-bottom:10px; float:left; padding:0px 8px}
#top-title2{ width:320px;  float:right;}
#content{ width: 730px; float:left;float:left;word-wrap: break-word;}
#content-top{ width:730px; background-image:url(images/top_bg.jpg); height:56px; background-repeat:no-repeat; float:left;}
#content-top1{ width:70%; padding:16px 0px 0px 30px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:24px; color:#636363;float:left;}
#content-top2{ width:60px; float:right; padding:25px 30px 0px 0px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:11px; color:#2f2f2f; font-weight:bold; text-align:right}
#content-middle{ width:730px; background-image:url(images/middle_bg.jpg); background-repeat:repeat-y;float:left;}
#content-middle1{ width:475px; padding:25px 0px 25px 35px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:12px; color:#636363; line-height:150%;float:left;}
#content-middle2{  padding:7px; float:right; margin:25px 35px 0px 0px; border:solid 1px #c8c8c9; background-color:#FFF; text-align:center}
#content-bottom{ width:730px; background-image:url(images/bottom_bg.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; height:58px;float:left;}
#content-bottom2{ width:110px; height:42px; margin:0px auto; padding-top:4px;}
#input{ width:58px; height:20px; background-color:#FFF; border:solid 1px #dfdfe0; color:#636363; text-align:center; font-size:11px;}
.font1{ font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:10px; color:#2f2f2f;}
.font1 a:link{
	text-decoration: none;
    color:#2f2f2f;

}
.font1 a:visited{
	text-decoration: none;
    color:#2f2f2f;
	
}
.font1 a:hover{
	color: #2f2f2f;
	text-decoration: underline;

}



.text-container {
padding: 20px;
color: #333;
margin-top: 24px;
line-height: 22px;
border-top-left-radius: 3px;
border-top-right-radius: 3px;
}

.use-as-video {
float: right;
padding-left: 20px;
}
.cc-float-fix:before, .cc-float-fix:after {
content: "";
line-height: 0;
height: 0;
width: 0;
display: block;
visibility: hidden;
}
.use-as-video-img {
cursor: pointer;
position: relative;
width: 320px;
height: 180px;
}
.use-as-video-title {
font-size: 15px;
font-weight: bold;
color: #000000;
padding-bottom: 5px;
}
-->
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function MM_preloadImages() { //v3.0
  var d=document; if(d.images){ if(!d.MM_p) d.MM_p=new Array();
    var i,j=d.MM_p.length,a=MM_preloadImages.arguments; for(i=0; i<a.length; i++)
    if (a[i].indexOf("#")!=0){ d.MM_p[j]=new Image; d.MM_p[j++].src=a[i];}}
}

function MM_swapImgRestore() { //v3.0
  var i,x,a=document.MM_sr; for(i=0;a&&i<a.length&&(x=a[i])&&x.oSrc;i++) x.src=x.oSrc;
}

function MM_findObj(n, d) { //v4.01
  var p,i,x;  if(!d) d=document; if((p=n.indexOf("?"))>0&&parent.frames.length) {
    d=parent.frames[n.substring(p+1)].document; n=n.substring(0,p);}
  if(!(x=d[n])&&d.all) x=d.all[n]; for (i=0;!x&&i<d.forms.length;i++) x=d.forms[i][n];
  for(i=0;!x&&d.layers&&i<d.layers.length;i++) x=MM_findObj(n,d.layers[i].document);
  if(!x && d.getElementById) x=d.getElementById(n); return x;
}

function MM_swapImage() { //v3.0
  var i,j=0,x,a=MM_swapImage.arguments; document.MM_sr=new Array; for(i=0;i<(a.length-2);i+=3)
   if ((x=MM_findObj(a[i]))!=null){document.MM_sr[j++]=x; if(!x.oSrc) x.oSrc=x.src; x.src=a[i+2];}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body onload="MM_preloadImages('images/next2.png','images/previous2.png')">
<div id="container">
<div id="left-button">
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p><a href="page48.html"><img src="images/previous_big.png" width="90" height="80" /></a></p>
</div>
<div id="middle">
  <div id="top-title"><span class="font1">Basic HTML Version</span>
    <div id="top-title2">
      <table width="100%" border="0" align="right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
        <tr>
        	<td width="66%"> </td>
          <td width="35%" style="display:none" align="right"><img src="images/content.png" width="19" height="16" /></td>
          <td width="31%" style="display:none" class="font1"><a href="">Table of Contents</a></td>
          <td width="6%"><img src="images/view.png" width="19" height="16" /></td>
          <td width="28%" class="font1"><a href="../../index.html#p=49">View Full Version</a></td>
        </tr>
      </table>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div id="content">
     <div id="content-top">
        <div id="content-top1">Page 49 - Mongolian Ritual Texts in Manuscript Collections in the Czech Republic</div>
        <div id="content-top2">P. 49</div>
     </div>
     <div id="content-middle">
     	
     	  <div class="text-container">
    <div class="use-as-video cc-float-fix">
      <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="../../index.html#p=49"><img src="../thumb/49.jpg" /></a>
    </div>

    <p class="use-as-video-title"></p>
    <pre style="white-space:pre-line"><code>For  the  Oirat  area,  the  Clear  script  versions  of  Buddhist  canonical  texts  translated  by  Zaya
               paṇḍita  and  his  disciples  were  probably  never  intended  for  use  in  monasteries,  but  were  instead
               introduced to use by laymen (noble intelligentsia and khar bagsh – see above). In Mongolküree and
               partially in the surrounding counties in the present-day Ili Kazakh Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, the
               tradition of chanting Clear script sutras by khar bagsh (lit. “black / lay teachers”) has been preserved;
               until recently, a similar tradition was alive among Altai Uriankhais and probably also Dörvöds. In the
               Right Chief Banner (ColMo. Baruun ambanii khoshuu) of Altai Uriankhais, a tradition of chanting
                                                          56
               Clear script sutras by women has been recorded.
                     Although the prevalent opinion in Mongolian studies consider the reduction of the Mongolian
                                              th
               translatory activities in the late 18  and 19  centuries as a displacement of Mongolian by Tibetan in
                                                      th
               the field of religious literature, this shift needs to be reflected in the context of the increasing fluency
               of the Mongolian educated classes in Tibetan, due to the growing number of monasteries and monks.
                            th
               By the late 19  century, it became common in noble and upper-middle families to send one son after
               another to a local monastery for a few years of education, later taking them back to the worldly life
               and leaving only those with demonstrated inclinations for a higher monastic career.
                     This study has not intended to provide an exhausting textological analysis of each edited text.
               Only  exceptionally  has  a Tibetan original  version  of  the text  been  identified  and  compared,  but  in
               many cases a Tibetan source text is supposed to have existed. It does not mean that every Mongolian
               ritual text must have had a direct Tibetan model and even cases are known when a reverse translatory
                                                                              57
               process (from Mongolian to Tibetan) is confirmed or at least supposed.
                     Authors  and  also  many  users  of  the  ritual  texts  were  mostly  equally  fluent  in  both  literary
               languages  (Tibetan  and  Mongolian),  which  in  their  highly  developed  stages  of  the  18   and  19
                                                                                                         th
                                                                                                th
               centuries  shared  a  lexicologically  fully  intertwined  complex  of  professional  Buddhist  terminology,
               allowing  the  same  ideas  to  be  expressed  in  both  of  these  languages  almost  without  difficulty  and
                                                                                      58
               ambiguities, and to translate texts from one language to another simultaneously.


               1.8. Scribes, Texts, and Rituals

               The texts published in this edition were, at the time of their origin, mostly used within rituals. The
               word  “ritual”  is  used  here  as  a  substitutive  and  generalizing  term  for  a  larger  group  of  practices
               differing  by  the  various  goals  to  be  achieved.  The  genres  include  prayers  for  individual  use  to
               elaborate tantric rituals for advanced practitioners, but information concerning the real former users is
               lacking. The Mongolian language version of the texts is frequently interpreted ipso facto as intended
               for  laymen.  (Texts  in  Mongolian  are  considered  less  efficient  than  the  texts  in  Tibetan,  which  are


               Mandakh sum in Dornogovi aimag) together with Bulag bilüünii khiid (now in Ölziit sum, Dundgovi aimag)
               were using Mongolian liturgy.
               56  Türüünii Togtokh (deceased in 1963, 76 years old) belonging to the Myangad sum of the Right Chief Banner
               (ColMo.  Baruun  ambanii  khoshuu),  currently  Bulgan  sum,  Bayan-Ölgii  aimag,  was  known  as  usanz  (Skt.
               upāsikā),  a  lay  devotee.  She  transmitted  her  knowledge  of  the  Clear  script  and  inherited  her  books  to  her
               daughter, Damdinii Muuja (1909–1992). Muuja in her older age also started to observe precepts and rules of an
               usanz  without  the  granting  of  formal  vows.  In  Mönkhkhairkhan  sum,  Khovd  aimag,  a  lady  named  Sanjiin
               Naadgai, was generally known as the only woman mastering the knowledge of reading and writing the Clear
               script. She learned the Clear script in her young age from her father, deputy director of the banner administrative
               office, forgot it through her life and brushed up her knowledge again when she was seventy in the 1970s. At that
               time,  she  searched  for  old  manuscripts  preserved  by  the  households  and  collected  some  of  them.  Then  she
               regularly  copied  them  by  hand  and  distributed  her  copies  to  the  people.  Another  mother-and-daughter  pair
               mastering  the  Clear  script  was  the  wife  of  Sampil  zakhiragch  (director  of  the  banner  office)  and  her
               granddaughter  (adoptive  daughter)  Majaa.  Information  collected  during  fieldwork  from  Mr.  Maidriin
               Chuluunochir, 14. 5. 2012, Ulaankhus bag, Bulgan sum; Ms. Pooluugiin Noosgoi – repeated visits during 2010–
               2013; Mr. Namsrai, Khovd, 16. 9.2018. Srba 2015b, Срба 2018.
               57  For example, the “Big Dipper Sutra”, Tib. mes bdun zhes pa skar ma’i mdo (ClMo. Doluγan ebügen kemekü
               odun-u sudur).
               58  Studies  about  translatological  rules  occurring  in  Mongolian  translations  of  Tibetan  texts  show  a  highly
               elaborated and codified system (Бүрнээ & Энхтөр 2003).

                                                           47</code></pre>
     	</div>
    
     </div>
     <div id="content-bottom">
       <div id="content-bottom2">
         <table width="110" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
           <tr>
             <td width="22%" height="44"><a href="page48.html"><img src="images/previous.png" width="26" height="19" id="Image2" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Image2','','images/previous2.png',1)" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" /></a></td>
             <td width="43%">
             	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page44.html">44</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page45.html">45</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page46.html">46</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page47.html">47</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page48.html">48</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page49.html">49</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page50.html">50</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page51.html">51</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page52.html">52</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page53.html">53</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page54.html">54</a>
             </td>
             <td width="35%"><a href="page50.html"><img src="images/next.png" width="26" height="19" id="Image1" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Image1','','images/next2.png',1)" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" /></a></td>
           </tr>
         </table>
       </div>
     </div>
  </div>
</div>
<div id="right-button">
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p><a href="page50.html"><img src="images/next_big.png" width="90" height="80" /></a></p>
</div>


</div>

</body>
</html>
