﻿<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, height=device-height, initial-scale=0.5, minimum-scale=0.5, user-scalable=yes, maximum-scale=2.0, target-densitydpi=device-dpi" />
				<meta name="robots" content="all"/>
        <meta name="description" content="description">
        <meta name="keywords" content="">
        <title>Page 194 - Mongolian Ritual Texts in Manuscript Collections in the Czech Republic</title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
body {
	margin-left: 0px;
	margin-top: 0px;
	margin-right: 0px;
	margin-bottom: 0px;
}
  
#container {margin:50px auto;padding:0px;width:910px;}
#left-button{ width:90px; height:100%;float:left }
#middle{ width:730px; margin:0px; float: left;}
#right-button{ width:90px; float:left;}
html, body, div, ul, li, dl, dt, dd, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, form, input, dd,select, button, textarea, iframe, table, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
img { border: 0 none; displayblock}
span,ul,li,image{ padding:0px; margin:0px; list-style:none;}
#top-title{ width:714px; margin-bottom:10px; float:left; padding:0px 8px}
#top-title2{ width:320px;  float:right;}
#content{ width: 730px; float:left;float:left;word-wrap: break-word;}
#content-top{ width:730px; background-image:url(images/top_bg.jpg); height:56px; background-repeat:no-repeat; float:left;}
#content-top1{ width:70%; padding:16px 0px 0px 30px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:24px; color:#636363;float:left;}
#content-top2{ width:60px; float:right; padding:25px 30px 0px 0px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:11px; color:#2f2f2f; font-weight:bold; text-align:right}
#content-middle{ width:730px; background-image:url(images/middle_bg.jpg); background-repeat:repeat-y;float:left;}
#content-middle1{ width:475px; padding:25px 0px 25px 35px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:12px; color:#636363; line-height:150%;float:left;}
#content-middle2{  padding:7px; float:right; margin:25px 35px 0px 0px; border:solid 1px #c8c8c9; background-color:#FFF; text-align:center}
#content-bottom{ width:730px; background-image:url(images/bottom_bg.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; height:58px;float:left;}
#content-bottom2{ width:110px; height:42px; margin:0px auto; padding-top:4px;}
#input{ width:58px; height:20px; background-color:#FFF; border:solid 1px #dfdfe0; color:#636363; text-align:center; font-size:11px;}
.font1{ font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:10px; color:#2f2f2f;}
.font1 a:link{
	text-decoration: none;
    color:#2f2f2f;

}
.font1 a:visited{
	text-decoration: none;
    color:#2f2f2f;
	
}
.font1 a:hover{
	color: #2f2f2f;
	text-decoration: underline;

}



.text-container {
padding: 20px;
color: #333;
margin-top: 24px;
line-height: 22px;
border-top-left-radius: 3px;
border-top-right-radius: 3px;
}

.use-as-video {
float: right;
padding-left: 20px;
}
.cc-float-fix:before, .cc-float-fix:after {
content: "";
line-height: 0;
height: 0;
width: 0;
display: block;
visibility: hidden;
}
.use-as-video-img {
cursor: pointer;
position: relative;
width: 320px;
height: 180px;
}
.use-as-video-title {
font-size: 15px;
font-weight: bold;
color: #000000;
padding-bottom: 5px;
}
-->
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function MM_preloadImages() { //v3.0
  var d=document; if(d.images){ if(!d.MM_p) d.MM_p=new Array();
    var i,j=d.MM_p.length,a=MM_preloadImages.arguments; for(i=0; i<a.length; i++)
    if (a[i].indexOf("#")!=0){ d.MM_p[j]=new Image; d.MM_p[j++].src=a[i];}}
}

function MM_swapImgRestore() { //v3.0
  var i,x,a=document.MM_sr; for(i=0;a&&i<a.length&&(x=a[i])&&x.oSrc;i++) x.src=x.oSrc;
}

function MM_findObj(n, d) { //v4.01
  var p,i,x;  if(!d) d=document; if((p=n.indexOf("?"))>0&&parent.frames.length) {
    d=parent.frames[n.substring(p+1)].document; n=n.substring(0,p);}
  if(!(x=d[n])&&d.all) x=d.all[n]; for (i=0;!x&&i<d.forms.length;i++) x=d.forms[i][n];
  for(i=0;!x&&d.layers&&i<d.layers.length;i++) x=MM_findObj(n,d.layers[i].document);
  if(!x && d.getElementById) x=d.getElementById(n); return x;
}

function MM_swapImage() { //v3.0
  var i,j=0,x,a=MM_swapImage.arguments; document.MM_sr=new Array; for(i=0;i<(a.length-2);i+=3)
   if ((x=MM_findObj(a[i]))!=null){document.MM_sr[j++]=x; if(!x.oSrc) x.oSrc=x.src; x.src=a[i+2];}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body onload="MM_preloadImages('images/next2.png','images/previous2.png')">
<div id="container">
<div id="left-button">
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p><a href="page193.html"><img src="images/previous_big.png" width="90" height="80" /></a></p>
</div>
<div id="middle">
  <div id="top-title"><span class="font1">Basic HTML Version</span>
    <div id="top-title2">
      <table width="100%" border="0" align="right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
        <tr>
        	<td width="66%"> </td>
          <td width="35%" style="display:none" align="right"><img src="images/content.png" width="19" height="16" /></td>
          <td width="31%" style="display:none" class="font1"><a href="">Table of Contents</a></td>
          <td width="6%"><img src="images/view.png" width="19" height="16" /></td>
          <td width="28%" class="font1"><a href="../../index.html#p=194">View Full Version</a></td>
        </tr>
      </table>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div id="content">
     <div id="content-top">
        <div id="content-top1">Page 194 - Mongolian Ritual Texts in Manuscript Collections in the Czech Republic</div>
        <div id="content-top2">P. 194</div>
     </div>
     <div id="content-middle">
     	
     	  <div class="text-container">
    <div class="use-as-video cc-float-fix">
      <a style="text-decoration: none;" href="../../index.html#p=194"><img src="../thumb/194.jpg" /></a>
    </div>

    <p class="use-as-video-title"></p>
    <pre style="white-space:pre-line"><code>2.8. Smoke Offering of the Fox

                         587
               The Smoke  Offering of the Fox, as obviously an important and popular text of an earlier period of
               the  Mongolian  religion,  repeatedly  attracted  attention  of  the  Mongolists,  who  started  publishing
               available manuscripts of the text in the 1970s (Serruys 1970, Bawden 1976, 1978). Already in 1976,
               Walther Heissig made a detailed comparison of the contents of three accessible versions of the incense
               offering text (A: Ordos-version published by Serruys 1970, B: Khalkha-version published by Bawden
               1976  in  two  identical  manuscripts  and  C:  Khalkha-version  provided  to  Heissig  by  Hungarian
               Mongolists and published by himself as an attachment to the paper). In his later article, Heissig (1996:
               144–171) compared the Incense Offering of the Fox with the Incense Offering of Purification (Ariγun
               sang)  and  concluded  that  the  text  was  arranged  closely  matching  the  structure  of  the  purificatory
               offering rituals. In the same paper, Heissig expanded his comparison to include three more manuscript
               versions, D1: an Oirat manuscript published by Bawden 1978, D2: manuscript copied by Heissig from
               a  private  collection  in  Ulaanbaatar,  E:  manuscript  of  the  Institute  of  Language  and  Literature,
               Mongolian Academy of Sciences entitled Dorliγ sakiγulsun-u sang dara eke-yin sang ünigen-ü sang-
               ud-un sudur-ud orusituγai, fol. 6v–15r). Qurčabaγatur (1990: 131–143) published a version preserved
               and actively used by the Qatagin clan during the sacrifice to Ataγ-a tngri. Introducing the Mongolian
               fox ritual into  a  larger  comparative framework  of  Inner  and  East  Asia,  Hartmut Walravens (2001)
               edited two volumes of collected papers on the cultural, religious. and folkloristic contexts of the fox,
               the first volume mostly dealing with Mongolian fox-related ritual texts and the symbolism of the fox
               in the Mongolian oral literature. J. Coloo (2001, translated by Alice Sárközi) published in transcription
               one Oirat version of the Incense Offering of the Fox accompanied by an outline of the contexts in
               English.  Alice  Sárközi  and  Aleksej  G.  Sazykin  (Sárközi  &  Sazykin  2001)  provided  an  excellent
               overview of the previous studies, an abbreviated outline of the general contents of the texts and further
               a transcription, translation and synoptical comparison of three manuscripts found in the collections of
               the Oriental Institute, St. Petersburg. In Mongolia, J. Coloo (Цолоо 1999: 89–97) published one Oirat
               version.  Joriγtu,  Badai  &  Γangbolud  2013:  220–227  published  in  the  Mongolian  script  the  Oirat
               manuscript N737 (11) of the Institute of Language and Literature, Mongolian Academy of Sciences.
                     As  the  related  ritual  (excepting  the  above-mentioned  Qatagin  tradition  in  Ordos)  was
               supposedly never recorded as a living tradition in the recent past, the exact use of the ritual text has
               been unknown. Within the Tibetan tradition, animal sacrifices (“red smoke offerings” dmar mchod)
               are rare due to the disapproval of the monks. In Mongolia, sacrificing sheep and goats is a relatively
               common part of rituals on the ovoo stone cairns and the effort to limit them is still a current topic of
               Buddhist education towards the public. Although the Mongolian hunting tradition allows for killing a
               fox if the hunter encounters a fox as the first animal on a hunting trip (killing the fox in such a case
               can avert the failure that the hunt would inevitably bring if the fox was not killed, because the fox is
               considered a bad omen). Although the text itself suggests the actual sacrifice of a fox can purify the
               environment  of  deities  and  humans  (Birtalan  2001:  1057),  M.  L.  Beffa  and  R.  Hamayon  (1984)
               expressed doubt that the performance of this text would be connected with the sacrifice of a live fox.
               A new light to the issue was brought by a recent paper by Daniel Berounský (2019). Berounský found
               textual evidence close to the Mongolian texts in a recently published corpus of texts from Dongtrom
               (lDong khrom) or Datshang (mDa’ tshang) in Amdo. The core of the tradition seems to be associated
               with the Nyen Collections (Tib. Gnyan ’bum) containing the earliest texts dealing with gnyan beings,
               which in the Mongolian version of the fox offering are replaced by the Seven Fierce Stars doluγan
               odun (Berounský 2019: 7, 15, 20). Although no clear reason is provided as to why the foxes should
               have been sacrificed, some indications show that the burning of a fox was originally intended to purify
               defilements by incest and the murder of a relative (Berounský 2019: 18–19).
                     As  new  Mongolian  textual  versions  have  been  published  since  Heissig’s  last  classification
               (1996),  Berounský  made  a  concise  classification  into  three  redactions.  All  the  texts  which  will  be
               edited and compared below belong to the third redaction (Berounský 2019: 5–6). The manuscript C is,
               however, unique because it opens with a short mention that the following text (i.e., the incense/smoke
               offering of the fox) was introduced by Padmasambhava in order to purify the people from illnesses

               587  We  gave  preference  here  to  the  translation  “smoke  offering”,  as  it  is  not  clear  whether  the  hypothetical
               burning of the fox would involve juniper or other fragrant substances.

                                                           192</code></pre>
     	</div>
    
     </div>
     <div id="content-bottom">
       <div id="content-bottom2">
         <table width="110" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
           <tr>
             <td width="22%" height="44"><a href="page193.html"><img src="images/previous.png" width="26" height="19" id="Image2" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Image2','','images/previous2.png',1)" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" /></a></td>
             <td width="43%">
             	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page189.html">189</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page190.html">190</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page191.html">191</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page192.html">192</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page193.html">193</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page194.html">194</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page195.html">195</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page196.html">196</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page197.html">197</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page198.html">198</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="page199.html">199</a>
             </td>
             <td width="35%"><a href="page195.html"><img src="images/next.png" width="26" height="19" id="Image1" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Image1','','images/next2.png',1)" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" /></a></td>
           </tr>
         </table>
       </div>
     </div>
  </div>
</div>
<div id="right-button">
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <p><a href="page195.html"><img src="images/next_big.png" width="90" height="80" /></a></p>
</div>


</div>

</body>
</html>
