var ols=[{caption:"Table of contents",page:"7",url:"",level:"1",children:[]},{caption:"Preface",page:"13",url:"",level:"1",children:[]},{caption:"1 Introduction",page:"14",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"1.1 Brief history",page:"14",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"1.2 Classification of analytical methods and techniques",page:"16",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"1.3 Process harmonization",page:"18",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"2 Infrared spectroscopy",page:"21",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"2.1 Introduction",page:"21",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"2.2 IR spectroscopy in mid-region",page:"23",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"2.2.1 Theoretical principles of MIR spectrometry",page:"23",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"2.2.2 Experimental setup for MIR spectrometry",page:"25",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"2.2.3 Techniques for measuring MIR spectra",page:"29",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"2.2.4 Application of MIR spectrometry in pharmaceutical industry",page:"31",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"2.3 IR spectroscopy in near region",page:"36",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"2.3.1 Theoretical basics of NIR spectroscopy",page:"36",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"2.3.2 Experimental arrangement of NIR spectroscopy",page:"38",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"2.3.3 NIR spectra measurement techniques",page:"41",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"2.3.4 NIR analysis strategies",page:"47",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"2.3.5 Application of NIR spectroscopy in pharmacy",page:"48",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"2.4 Resources and recommended literature",page:"62",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"3 Raman spectroscopy",page:"66",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"3.1 Introduction",page:"66",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"3.2 Experimental setup",page:"71",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"3.3 Application of Raman spectroscopy",page:"74",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"3.3.1 Identification of unknown samples",page:"74",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"3.3.2 Identification of polymorphs, solvates and salts",page:"76",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"3.3.3 Raman mapping and imaging",page:"78",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"3.4 Resources and recommended literature",page:"81",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"4 X-ray diffraction",page:"82",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"4.1 Introduction",page:"82",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"4.2 Crystal structure, its geometry and symmetry",page:"82",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"4.3 X-rays",page:"86",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"4.3.1 X-ray tube",page:"86",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.3.2 Characterization of X-ray radiation",page:"89",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"4.4 Analytical X-ray diffraction methods",page:"90",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"4.4.1 Interactions of X-rays with crystal",page:"94",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.4.2 Powder methods",page:"107",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"4.5 Applications of X-ray diffraction in pharmacy",page:"114",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"4.5.1 Characterization and identification of unknown samples",page:"114",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.5.2 Crystalline phase control",page:"117",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.5.3 Negative proof of crystalline phase – amorphous material",page:"119",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.5.4 Observation of phase transformations",page:"120",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.5.5 Study of substance behavior under defined conditions",page:"122",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.5.6 Determination of structures of unknown impurities or molecule chirality",page:"124",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.5.7 Calculation of powder diffraction patterns",page:"124",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.5.8 Determination of a 3D crystal structure from X-ray powder data",page:"125",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"4.5.9 Quantitative phase analysis",page:"127",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"4.6 Summary",page:"128",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"4.7 Resources and recommended literature",page:"129",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"5 NMR spectroscopy",page:"131",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"5.1 Basic principles",page:"131",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"5.2 NMR spectrometer",page:"135",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"5.3 1H NMR spectroscopy",page:"138",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"5.3.1 Signal position – chemical shift",page:"138",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"5.3.2 Integral signal intensity",page:"141",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"5.3.3 Signal multiplicity",page:"142",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"5.4 13C NMR spectroscopy",page:"146",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"5.5 Two-dimensional NMR spectra",page:"150",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"5.6 Application of liquid phase NMR spectroscopy in pharmacy",page:"155",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"5.6.1 Structural analysis of APIs",page:"155",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"5.6.2 Structural analysis of impurities",page:"158",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"5.7 Solid state NMR spectroscopy",page:"160",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"5.7.1 Theoretical introduction",page:"160",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"5.7.2 Application of solid state NMR spectroscopy in pharmacy",page:"168",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"5.8 Conclusion",page:"183",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"5.9 Resources and recommended literature",page:"184",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"6 Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy",page:"186",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"6.1 Introduction",page:"186",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"6.2 Overview of experimental techniques in THz spectroscopy",page:"187",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"6.3 Principles of THz time-domain spectroscopy",page:"189",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"6.3.1 Principle of THz pulse generation",page:"190",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"6.3.2 Detection of THz pulses",page:"191",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"6.4 THz spectra measuring techniques and data processing",page:"192",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"6.4.1 Transmittance measurements",page:"192",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"6.4.2 Reflectance measurements",page:"194",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"6.4.3 Attenuated total reflection",page:"195",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"6.4.4 Time of flight measuring method",page:"196",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"6.4.5 Imaging measurement",page:"196",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"6.5 Applications of THz spectroscopy in pharmacy",page:"196",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"6.5.1 Identification of substances using THz spectra",page:"196",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"6.5.2 Determination of hydration state of substances",page:"198",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"6.5.3 Determination of tablet coating thickness",page:"200",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"6.5.4 Determination of grain size",page:"200",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"6.6 Resources and recommended literature",page:"201",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"7 Mass spectrometry",page:"203",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"7.1 Basic principles",page:"203",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"7.2 Ionization techniques",page:"205",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"7.2.1 Electron ionization (EI)",page:"207",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.2.2 Chemical ionization (CI)",page:"208",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.2.3 Fast atom or ion bombardment ionization (FAB, FIB)",page:"210",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.2.4 Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)",page:"210",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.2.5 Thermospray ionization (TSI)",page:"211",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.2.6 Electrospray ionization (ESI)",page:"212",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.2.7 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)",page:"215",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.2.8 Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)",page:"216",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.2.9 New ionization techniques",page:"217",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"7.3 Mass analyzers",page:"218",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"7.3.1 Magnetic analyzer with simple magnetic focusing",page:"219",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.3.2 Sector analyzer with double ion focusing",page:"220",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.3.3 Quadrupole (Q)",page:"221",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.3.4 Triple quadrupole analyzer (QqQ)",page:"221",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.3.5 Ion trap (IT)",page:"222",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.3.6 Linear ion trap (LIT)",page:"223",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.3.7 Orbitrap",page:"224",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.3.8 Time of flight analyzer (TOF)",page:"226",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"7.3.9 Ion cyclotron resonance with Fourier transform (FT-ICR)",page:"227",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"7.4 Ion detection techniques",page:"228",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"7.5 Identification and determination of compounds",page:"230",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"7.6 Structural MS analysis in pharmacy",page:"233",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"7.6.1 Modern MS systems in pharmacy",page:"234",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"7.7 Resources and recommended literature",page:"237",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"8 Thermal analysis",page:"238",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"8.1 Definition of thermal analysis methods",page:"238",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"8.2 General principle of thermal analysis methods",page:"239",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"8.3 Thermal methods",page:"241",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"8.3.1 Basic measurement factors",page:"241",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"8.3.2 Measuring procedure",page:"242",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"8.3.3 Evaluation of thermoanalytical measurements",page:"243",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"8.3.4 Differential scanning thermal analysis (DSC)",page:"246",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"8.3.5 Hyper DSC",page:"251",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"8.3.6 Micro DSC",page:"252",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"8.3.7 Temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC)",page:"261",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"8.3.8 Thermogravimetry (TGA)",page:"266",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"8.3.9 Thermally stimulated current (TSC)",page:"271",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"8.4 Resources and recommended literature",page:"274",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"9 Dissolution testing in pharmaceutical industry",page:"276",url:"",level:"1",children:[{caption:"9.1 Biopharmaceutical classification system",page:"276",url:"",level:"2",children:[]},{caption:"9.2 Dissolution testing of substances",page:"278",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"9.2.1 Intrinsic dissolution",page:"278",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"9.2.2 Apparent dissolution",page:"283",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"9.3 Dissolution testing of solid dosage forms",page:"287",url:"",level:"2",children:[{caption:"9.3.1 Dissolution",page:"287",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"9.3.2 Experimental dissolution methods",page:"289",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"9.3.3 Dissolution apparatuses",page:"291",url:"",level:"3",children:[]},{caption:"9.3.4 Advanced dissolution systems",page:"301",url:"",level:"3",children:[]}]},{caption:"9.4 Resources and recommended literature",page:"305",url:"",level:"2",children:[]}]},{caption:"10 Summary",page:"307",url:"",level:"1",children:[]},{caption:"11 Abbreviations",page:"310",url:"",level:"1",children:[]},{caption:"12 Authors",page:"315",url:"",level:"1",children:[]}];