var textForPages = ["Proceedings: Students in Polar and                      Alpine Research Conference 2018                                                                                   Klára Ambrožová, Klára Čížková,                              Michaela Kňažková, Matěj Roman (eds.)                                                                 0","Students in Polar and Alpine Research Conference 2018 - preface           Dear Young Polar Researchers,          We are very happy that we could have met again at       It was pleasure to see the word spread and welcome         the  Students  in  Polar  and  Alpine  Research         new young researchers as well as many attendants         Conference, which was held at the Department of         to return and show how their research developed.         Geography,  Masaryk  University,  Brno,  Czech          This  year  we  received  25  abstracts  both  in         Republic, for the fourth time. It is great to see that   bioscience and geoscience sections, of which there         polar and alpine research is still attractive to young   were 19 oral presentations and 6 posters. Moreover,         researchers  and  that  we  are  all  still  interested  in   we are very grateful to our four key-note speakers,         networking and seeking cooperation, which can be        who presented very interesting lectures and shared         crucial,  not  only  in  the  tough  conditions  during   their knowledge and experience with us.         fieldwork. In order to increase the awareness of the    We are looking forward to meeting again next year.         conference,  we  have  established  a  website         https://sparc-brno.webnode.cz/,     where      all                                 In Brno 19 April 2018         important  information  on  the  conference  can  be                                    Klára Ambrožová         found year-round.            Proceedings:         Students in Polar and Alpine Research Conference, 2018          Place   Date         Brno (Czech Republic)   16–18 April 2018          Editors:          Klára Ambrožová, Klára Čížková,         Michaela Kňažková, Matěj Roman          Technical editor:         Filip Hrbáček            Acknowledgements:         The organizing committee of Students in Polar and Alpine Research Conference 2018 gratefully thanks the         Department of Geography, Masaryk University. The funding support for the conference was provided by the         project  MUNI/A/1251/2017  and  the  large  infrastructure  project  LM2015078  “Czech  Polar  Research         Infrastructure”. We acknowledge the keynote speakers who had the will to contribute to the conference.            ©  2018 Masarykova univerzita          ISBN 978-80-210-8957-0                                                                                                     st         Published by Masaryk University, Žerotínovo náměstí, 617/9, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic, 1  edition.                                                             1","Contents:           Microbiological research on James Ross Island focused on rock-inhabiting fungi                          4         Monika Laichmanová, Ivo Sedláček         Recent progress in understanding paraglacial landslides                                                 6         Tomáš Pánek          Biological soil crusts – engineer of arid and semiarid areas                                            7         Klára Řeháková, Kateřina Čapková          Extreme processes shaping Arctic coasts in a period of rapid paraglacial landscape transformation       8         Mateusz Czeslaw Strzelecki         Influence of large-scale atmospheric variability patterns and sea ice on air temperature on James Ross Island,         Antarctica                                                                                             10         Klára Ambrožová, Kamil Láska          Geophysical methods for assessing physical and mechanical properties of frozen soils                   11         Ivan Agapkin, Pavel Kotov, Andrey Koshurnikov         Spatial variability of soil organic carbon and active layer thickness along a latitudinal transect from taiga to tundra         of Western Siberia                                                                                     13          Anna Bobrik, Natalia Petrzhik and Matvey Tarkhov         Variability of the vertical ozone profiles at the Marambio Base, Antarctic Peninsula Region            14         Klára Čížková, Martin Staněk, Ladislav Metelka, Kamil Láska         Hydrological modeling based on multiple data approaches in Boreal region with diverse permafrost conditions   16         Li Han, Lucas Menzel          Past and present of Arctic terns’ studies                                                              17         Tereza Hromádková, Michaela Syrová, Martin Briedis, Václav Pavel          Taxonomy, ecology and biogeography of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of two isolated sub-Antarctic islands   18         Barbora Chattová, Bart van de Vijver         On the origin and evolution of proglacial lake Ragnar, central Spitsbergen                             19         Jan Kavan         Environmental factors influencing Svalbard reindeer (Rangiferus tarandus) populations as seen through antler         characteristics                                                                                        20         Jan Kavan, Veronika Anděrová         Influence of atmospheric circulation on total cloud cover and cloud types in central Spitsbergen       22         Sebastian Kendzierski, Leszek Kolendowicz, Marek Pólrolniczak, Kamil Láska, Katarzyna Szyga-Pluta         Effect of freezing-thawing on CO2 fluxes from soils in the field manipulation experiment               23         Dmitry Khoroshaev, Irina Kurganova, Valentin Lopes de Gerenyu          Quantification of Holocene nivation rates on Cape Lachman, James Ross Island                           25         Michaela Kňažková, Daniel Nývlt, Filip Hrbáček          Snow cover in the Arctic city of St. Petersburg in winter in conditions of global warming              27         Evgenia Kolodiazhnaia         The chlorophyll fluorescence of Antarctic lichen Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum                           29         Michaela Marečková, Miloš Barták         Introduction to the 2018 field study of braided Monolith and Keller streams, James Ross Island, Antarctica   30         Lenka Ondráčková, Radim Stuchlík, Daniel Nývlt          Use of Structure-from-Motion for morphometry analyses of nivation structures on James Ross Island      31         Jakub Ondruch, Michaela Kňažková, Filip Hrbáček          Surface structures characteristics of Antarctic lichens studied by a digital microscope approach       32                                                             2","Alla Orekhova, Miloš Barták          The huge heating experiment: initial results                                                           33         Nataliia Petrzhik, Georgy Matyshak, Olga Goncharova, Anna Bobrik           Profile carbon distribution in soils of typical landscapes of Western Siberia                          35         Anna Rubenovna Sefilian, Olga Yurievna Goncharova          Peak-summer CO2 balance on a thawing permafrost peat mire in northern Norway                           37         Isak Haldorsson Slettebø, Hanna Lee, Casper Tai Christiansen, Joachim Reuder          The genome sequence of Pseudomonas prosekii, a novel Antarctic bacterium                               38         Kateřina Snopková, Kristýna Dufková, Darina Čejková, Ivo Sedláček, David Šmajs          Heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soil from Longyearbyen, Svalbard      40         Thomas Stehrer, Anna Polášková, Markus Himmelsbach, Wolfgang Buchberger, Achim Walter Hassel, Jan Philipp Kolender,         Petra Luláková, Josef Elster          Convection of air in the snow cover of sea ice, at the base of the Ice Station \"Mys Baranova\".         41         Aleksandra A. Sumkina, Peter V. Bogorodskii         Climate variability during MIS-11 (370–440 ka BP) from the isotopic composition (δD, δ18O, δ17O) of Vostok ice core  43         Arina Nikolaevna Veres, Alexey Anatolyevich Ekaykin, Diana Olegovna Vladimirova, Anna Vladimirovna Kozachek, Vladimir         Yakovlevich Lipenkov, Alexandra Andreevna Skakun                                                                                                                       3","Microbiological research on James Ross Island focused on rock-inhabiting fungi                                                                1*                                           Monika Laichmanová , Ivo Sedláček   1              1  Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk university,                                            Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic                                                   * monikadr@sci.muni.cz                             Keywords: Antarctic bacteria, rock-inhabiting fungi, black fungi, melanised fungi             The  Antarctic  Continent  provides  unique             production  of  high  amounts  of  melanin  and         environment    for   the   study    extremophilic       exhibition of meristematic growth (Selbmann et al.,         microorganisms.  The  aim  of  the  Antarctic           2015).    Their   typical   morphophysiological         microbiological research performed in the northern      characteristics enable them to survive in an extreme         deglaciated part of James Ross Island is to study the   environment  where  they  are  exposed  to  stress         diversity, taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry and       conditions such as strong solar radiation, osmotic         phylogenetic  relationships  of  microscopic  fungi     stress,  nutrient  deficiency,  low  water  availability         and heterotrophic bacteria from various sources.        and repeated freeze–thaw cycles.         The sampling in the field followed by isolation of      The study of rock-inhabiting fungi is significant for         microorganisms      using    different   isolation      the understanding the possible limits for life as well         techniques  according  to  sources  type  and  target   as evolution and adaptation to extreme conditions         group  of  microorganisms  and  their  basic            (Selbman et al., 2015). Some of them are used as         phenotypic  characterization  was  done  in  the        model  organisms  for  astrobiological  studies         laboratory of Mendel Polar Station (S63°48′02.3″,       (Onofri et al., 2004).         W57°52′59.9″). Subsequent identification based on       The  other  part  of  bacteriological  research  is         extensive  morphological,  physiological  and           focused on microflora of the gastrointestinal tract         biochemical  characteristics  will  continue  in  the   of Antarctic animals, especially penguins and seals.         laboratories  of  Masaryk  University,  including       The  occurrence  of  zoopathogenic  species         DNA  analysis  of  selected  microbial  isolates.  All   Escherichia albertii was proved in excrements of         isolates  are  maintained  in  -70  °C  and  the        these  Antarctic  animals  (Grillová  et  al.,  2018).         representatives of novel taxa will be deposited in      In the last years the microbiological research was         the  public  collection  of  the  Czech  Collection  of   extended  by  the  study  of  bacterial  diversity  in         Microorganisms (CCM).                                   water.  The  water  samples  were  collected  from         The mycological research is focused mainly on the       lakes,  streams  created  by  melting  water  from         isolation and description of rock-inhabiting fungi      snowfields and cryoconites forming on glaciers.         (Figure 1). The preliminary analysis of regolith and    Isolated fungi and bacteria are now in the process         rock  samples  collected  during  expeditions  2007–    of  deposition  and  identification.  The  intended         2009 revealed occurrence of  psychrophilic species      output  of  this  research  will  be  a  summary          Elasticomyces     elasticus,   Rachicladosporium        publication  describing  the  phylogeny  and         antarcticum and Oleoguttula mirabilis (Egidi et al.,    taxonomy  of  the  rock-inhabiting  fungi  on  James         2014) on James Ross Island. These fungi belong to       Ross Island in Antarctica and description of new         the  class  Dothideomycetes.  The  rock-inhabiting      species. Although many new organisms have been         fungi are considered to be the most resistant fungi     isolated and described, it is still just a fragment in         on the Earth (Selbmann et al., 2015). These fungi       the overall biodiversity of the James Ross Island.         colonize  rock  surfaces  together  with  other         The study of bacterial community on James Ross         organisms such as algae, bacteria, cyanobacteria or     Island  started  in  2007.  In  the  beginning,         lichens.   The     rock-inhabiting   fungi    are       bacteriological analysis was focused on microflora         characterized  by  slow  growth,  poor  morphology,     of  regolith  and  rock  fragments.  Wide  spectrum                                                              4","Figure 1 A) Colonies of black fungi isolated from rock sample. B) Melanised, swelling hyphae of rock-inhabiting           fungi under light microscope.          of bacteria both Gram-positive and Gram-negative        Phylogeny  and  taxonomy  of  meristematic  rock-         was  isolated  from  these  substrates.  Polyphasic     inhabiting  black  fungi  in  the  Dothideomycetes         approach  including  phenotyping  and  molecular        based  on  multi-locus  phylogenies.  Fungal         methods such as ribotyping, protein profile analysis    Diversity, 65, pp. 127–165.         and fatty acids determination, phylogenetic study       Grillová, L., Sedláček I., Páchniková G., Staňková         or sequencing of housekeeping genes was used for        E., Švec P., Holochová P., Micenková L., Bosák J.,         characterization and description of new species of      Slaninová I., Šmajs D. (2018). Characterization of         bacteria.Oligotrophic  bacteria  of  the  class         four  Escherichia  albertii  isolates  collected  from         Gammaproteobacteria         with      dominative        animals living in Antarctica and Patagonia. Journal         occurrence  of  fluorescent  Pseudomonas  strains       of Veterinary Medical Science, 80, pp. 138-146.         were the most frequent. Newly described taxa of         Kosina,  M.,  Barták,  M.,  Mašlaňová,  I.,  Vávrová         bacteria  from  this  group  are  psychrotrophic        Pascutti, A., Šedo O., Lexa, M., Sedláček I. (2013).         Pseudomonas  prosekii  (Kosina  et  al.,  2013)  and    Pseudomonas  prosekii  sp.  nov.,  a  novel         Pseudomonas gregormendelii (Kosina et al. 2016).        psychrotrophic bacterium from Antarctica. Current         The  second  group  of  frequently  isolated  bacteria   Microbiology. 67, pp. 637-646.         from  environmental  samples  is  represented  by       Kosina,  M.,  Švec,  P.,  Černohlávková,  J.,  Barták,         yellow or orange colored psychrophilic species of       M., Snopková, K.,de Vos, P., Sedláček, I. (2016).         Flavobacterium.  Bacteria  with  pink  to  red          Description  of  Pseudomonas  gregormendelii  sp.         pigments  belonging  to  the  genera  Pedobacter,                                                                 nov., a novel psychrotrophic bacterium from James         Hymenobacter,  Mucilaginibacter  and  Massilia          Ross Island, Antarctica. Current Microbiology, 73,         were  isolated  from  regolith.  Generally,  Gram-      pp. 84-90.         negative  bacteria  predominated  over  Gram-           Onofri, S., Selbmann, L., Zucconi, L., Pagano, S.         positive  bacteria  due  to  their  higher  nutrition         requirements.                                           (2004).  Antarctic  microfungi  as  models  for                                                                 exobiology. Planetary and Space Science, 52, pp.         Acknowledgements                                        229 – 237.         Research  was  supported  by  Czech  Ministry  of       Selbmann,  L.,  de  Hoog,  G.  S.,  Mazzaglia,  A.,         Education large infrastructure project LM201 5078       Friedmann, E.  I.,  Onofri, S. (2005).  Fungi at the         “Czech Polar Research Infrastructure”.                  edge  of  life:cryptoendolithic  black  fungi  from                                                                 Antarctic desert. Studies in Mycology 51, pp. 1-32.         References                                                                 Selbmann,  L.,  Zucconi,  L.,  Isola,  D.,  Onofri  S.         Egidi,  E.,  de  Hoog,  G.  S.,  Isola,  D.,  Onofri,  S.,   (2015).  Rock  black  fungi:  excellence  in  the         Quaedvlieg, W., de Vries, M., Verkley, G. J. M.,        extremes,  from  the  Antarctic  to  space.  Current         Stielow,  J.  B.,  Zucconi  L.,  Selbmann  L.  (2014).                                                                 Genetics, 61, pp. 335-345.                                                               5","Recent progress in understanding paraglacial landslides                                                                   1*                                                      Tomáš Pánek                       1  Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava                                                    * tomas.panek@osu.cz                       Key words: Paraglacial landslides, rock-slope failure, deglaciation, alpine valleys, glacier forelands                          3                    6         Large (≥10  m ) landslides in deglaciated mountain      triggers.  Growing  datasets  of  dated  RSFs  in         valleys  have  been  traditionally  related  to  glacier   different  world  mountain  belts  suggest  that         withdrawal following the  Last Glacial Maximum          paraglacial  mechanisms  work  most  efficiently         and/or Late Glacial/Holocene transition.  However,      together  with  external  factors  like  earthquakes,         recent boom in dating techniques, monitoring and        extreme  hydrometeorological  events  or  climate         numerical  modeling  reveal  much  complex              changes.  Furthermore,  some  dating  results  and         temporal behaviour of landslides in respect to ice      recent monitoring suggest that some RSFs might         retreat  history.  Large  rock-slope  failures  (RSFs)   survive glaciation and rockslides can move into the         like  deep-seated  gravitational  slope  deformations   glaciers.  Besides  rock  slopes,  there  are  other         (sackung), rockslides and rock avalanches seldom        paraglacial landsystems prone to large-scale mass         originate  immediately  after  the  deglaciation  of    movements.     Recent     studies   reveal   that         mountain valleys. This millennial-scale time lag is     exceptionally  susceptible  to  large  landslides  are         explained  by  prolonged  stress  release  within  the   glacier  forelands,  especially  slopes  of  terminal         rock  mass,  subcritical  crack  growth,  progressive   moraines exposed to fluctuations of water levels of         failure of intact rock bridges and action of external   glacial lakes.                                                                                                           6","Biological soil crusts – engineer of arid and semiarid areas                                                           1                                                                               1                                           Klára Řeháková *, Kateřina Čapková                                   1  Institute of Botany Třeboň, Academy of Science, Czech Republic                                                    * krehakova@email.cz                   Keywords: biological soil crusts, arid and semiarid ecosystems, ecology, functions, microbial community             Biological  soil  crusts  (BSCs)  are  an  amazing      secondary and tertiary consumers are often missing         ecosystem,  which  is  created  by  cyanobacteria,      in the areas where BSCs occur (e.g., on the cold         bacteria, microalgae, fungi and lichens, and can be     desert  of  Tibetan  Plateau).  This  fact  makes  the         found  in  arid  and  semiarid  areas.  BSCs  are  key   investigation simpler than in the other ecosystems         players  and  ecological  engineers  of  these          such  as  forest.  This  uncomplicated  model  is         ecosystems. BSCs also often occur in post-mining        suitable for the testing of ecological hypothesis; it         landscapes,  which  show  similar  ecological           can  be  relatively  easily  manipulated  for         conditions as the deserted areas. The deserted areas    experimental  purposes  and  can  help  uncovering         represent more than 1/3 of land’s surface, and in the   novel  aspects  of  phototrophic-heterotrophic         near future, this share is going to increase with the   microbe interactions, and microbes–vascular plant         ongoing climatic changes.                               interactions in relation to climatic conditions.         Historically,  biologists  have  concentrated  mainly   This ecosystem is an ideal opportunity to enhance         on  the  study  of  individuals,  characterizing  their   our  understanding  of  the  carbon  cycling  in  the         form and function as a result of their own genotype     deserted  soils,  because  the  causal  link  between         alone. It is however becoming apparent that inter-      changes  in  temperature,  precipitation,  and         organismal  alliances,  especially  those  involving    terrestrial processes remains uncertain. We do not         microorganisms, have been at the basis of major         know  if  BSCs  remove  carbon  dioxide  from  the         evolutionary milestones.                                atmosphere or contribute to it – whether they are         Together  with  my  colleagues,  I  worked  with  a     the  carbon  sink  or  source.  Also  the  interactions         biological  soil  crust,  which  represents  a  simple   between  phototrophic  and  heterotrophic  parts  of         food  chain  on  the  scale  of  centimetres,  where    BSCs, and BSCs and vascular-plants still need to         Cyanobacteria  are  the  primary  producers,            be studied because each member of the food chain         heterotrophic bacteria (Archea) and fungi are the       can react differently to the climate changes.         decomposers,  and  Nematoda,  Rotifera  and         Tardigrades  are  the  primary  consumers.  The                                                                                         7","Extreme processes shaping Arctic coasts in a period of rapid paraglacial landscape                                                    transformation                                                                           1*                                               Mateusz Czeslaw Strzelecki            1  Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wroclaw, pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland                                                * mateusz.strzelecki@uwr.edu.pl                              Keywords: Coastal evolution, landslides, tsunami, iceberg roll wave, Greenland             The recent appeal by Fritz et al. (2017) accentuated    topography. For example, a tsunami wave in Lituya         an urgent need for transdisciplinary research effort    Bay  (Alaska),  reached  the  highest  run-up  ever         to  investigate  the  physical  and  human  impacts     recorded  (516  m  a.s.l.).  Arctic  coasts  are  also         resulting  from  collapsing  Arctic  coastlines.  The   affected  by  far-field  events  such  as  famous         observed intensification of Arctic coastal change is    Storegga tsunami from ca. 8200 years BP. Storegga         mostly associated with decreased sea ice extent and     event is recorded along many of the coastlines of         duration  that  increases  shoreline  exposure  to      the northern Atlantic, including east Greenland. In         greater wave energy (e.g., Barnhart et al., 2014).      the  Disko  Bay  area  (western  Greenland)  on         The  loss  of  sea-ice  is,  however,  only  one  of  the   November  21,  2000  AD,  a  large  landslide  took         processes that transform Arctic coastal zone. The       place  that  caused  a  tsunami  reaching  50  meters         functioning  of  the  present-day  Arctic  coastal      above the sea level. The wave destroyed the town         system  is  also  influenced  by  permafrost            Qullissat on the opposite site of the strait, however,         degradation  (e.g.,  Wobus  et  al.,  2011),  storm     material losses were observed in distant places by         floodings (e.g., Pisaric et al., 2011), and increased   as  far  as  150  km  from  the  landslide.  The  same         sediment  supply  from  deglaciated  and  snow-fed      region is also one of the most threatened by large,         catchments (e.g., Strzelecki et al. 2017; 2018). The    often  over  5  meters  high  incident  long  waves,         majority of those changes have a strong impact on       which are caused by calving glaciers and icebergs         circum-Arctic  coastal  communities  and  their         overturning. Most of the icebergs in the area are         historical  (including  archaeological)  and  modern    produced by the fastest ice-stream in the northern         infrastructure (e.g., Ford et al., 2010, Mason et al.   hemisphere – the Jakobshavn Isbrae.         2012, Jaskólski et al., 2018).                          I will present the selected results of the novel study         In my talk I will draw your attention on the effects    of  the  geomorphological,  sedimentological  and         of  another  extreme  process  transforming  Arctic     environmental effects of modern tsunamis caused         coastal  environment  –  the  impact  of  tsunami       by landslides and  collapsing icebergs in Western         waves.    Most  of  us  probably  know  that  polar     Greenland  carried  out  together  with  research         regions  are  sufficiently  far  from  the  major  plate   partners  from  Poland  and  the  United  Kingdom.         boundaries  to  escape  from  significant  tsunamis,    Presented results will serve as a guide for further         generated by large earthquakes, such as the recent      studies  of  palaeotsunami  in  Greenland  and         Indian  Ocean  (2004)  or  Japanese  (2011)  events.    elsewhere  in  the  Arctic.  The  results  are  also  of         However, the unstable nature of Arctic landscape        importance for Arctic coastal risk assessments, as         in terms of landslides provides a potential tsunami     almost all the human infrastructure is situated along         source  (Dahl-Jensen  et  al.  2004;  Buchwał  et  al.   a narrow coastal strip.         2015).  Moreover,  calving  glaciers  and  rolling  of   Finally,  I  will  present  my  recommendations  for         large  icebergs  may  be  potential  sources  of  high   further  Arctic  coastal  change  research  directions         waves, particularly in the fjords, the shape of which   and  some  ideas  for  potential  multidisciplinary         can amplify the size of the wave. Arctic tsunamis       research   cooperation   among     young    polar         have been mostly recorded in fjord systems, which       investigators  interested  in  cold  region  coastal         may amplify wave heights due to their constraining      environments.                                                             8","Funding for the Greenlandic project was provided        Mason, O. K., Jordan, J. W., Lestak, L., Manley,         by  Polish  National  Science  Centre  grant  No.       W. F. (2012). Narratives of shoreline erosion and         2011/01/B/ST10/01553.                                   protection  at  Shishmaref,  Alaska:  The  anecdotal                                                                 and  the  analytical.  In  Pitfalls  of  Shoreline         References                                              Stabilization. Cooper, J. A. G., Pilkey, O. H (eds.).         Barnhart,  K.,  Overeem,  I.,  Anderson,  R.  (2014).   Coastal Research Library, 3, pp. 73–92.         The  effect  of  changing  sea  ice  on  the  physical         vulnerability of Arctic coasts. The Cryosphere, 8,      Pisaric,  M.  F.,  Thienpont,  J.  R.,  Kokelj,  S.  V.,         pp. 1777-1799.                                          Nesbitt, H., Lantz, T. C., Solomon, S., Smol, J. P.                                                                 (2011).  Impacts  of  a  recent  storm  surge  on  an         Buchwał, A., Szczuciński, W., Strzelecki, M. C.,        Arctic delta ecosystem examined in the context of         Long,  A.  J.  (2015).  New  insights  into  the  21    the  last  millennium.  Proceedings  of  the  National         November 2000 tsunami in West Greenland from         analyses of the tree−ring structure of Salix glauca.    Academy  of  Sciences,  108,  pp.  8960-8965.  doi:                                                                 10.1073/pnas.1018527108.         Polish Polar Research 36, pp. 51-65.                                                                 Strzelecki, M. C., Long, A. J., Lloyd, J. M. (2017).         Dahl-Jensen, T., Larsen, L. M., Pedersen, S. A. S.,     Post-Little Ice Age Development of a High Arctic         Pedersen, J., Jepsen, H. F., Pedersen, G., Nielsen,     Paraglacial  Beach  Complex.  Permafrost  and         T.,  Pedersen,  A.  G.,  Von  Platen-Hallermund,  F.,   Periglacial Processes, 28, pp. 4-17.         Weng,  W.  (2004).  Landslide  and  tsunami  21         November  2000  in  Paatuut,  West  Greenland.          Strzelecki,  M.  C.,  Long,  A.  J.,  Lloyd,  J.  M.,         Natural Hazards, 31, pp. 277-287.                       Małecki J., Zagórski, P., Pawłowski, Ł., Jaskólski,                                                                 M. W. (2018). The Role of Rapid Glacier Retreat         Ford, J. D., Bell, T., St-Hilaire-Gravel, D. (2010).    and Landscape Transformation in Controlling the         Vulnerability  of  community  infrastructure  to        Post-Little Ice Age Evolution of Paraglacial Coasts         climate  change  in  Nunavut:  a  case  study  from     in  Central  Spitsbergen  (Billefjorden,  Svalbard).         Arctic  Bay.  In  Community  Adaptation  and            Land      Degradation      and      Development         Vulnerability in Arctic Regions, ed.  Hovelsrud, G.     https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2923         K., Smith, B., pp. 107-130. Dordrecht: Springer.                                                                 Wobus, C., Anderson, R., Overeem, I., Matell, N.,         Fritz,  M.,  Vonk,  J.  E.,  Lantuit,  H.  (2017).      Clow, G., Urban, F. (2011). Thermal Erosion of a         Collapsing  Arctic  coastlines.  Nature  Climate        Permafrost  Coastline:  Improving  Process-Based         Change, 7, pp. 6-7.                                     Models  Using  Time-Lapse  Photography.  Arctic,                                                                 Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 43, pp. 474-484.                                                                                        9","Influence of large-scale atmospheric variability patterns and sea ice on air temperature                                          on James Ross Island, Antarctica                                                               1*                                             Klára Ambrožová , Kamil Láska   1                           1  Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Czech Republic                                                 * ambrozova.kl@mail.muni.cz            Keywords: James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula, air temperature, El Niño – Southern Oscillation, Southern Annular Mode             In  the  recent  decade,  the  Antarctic  Peninsula     was  strongest  in  winter  and  weakest  in  summer.         Region has been experiencing a period of cooling,       The influence of SAM on air temperature was only         which  was  attributed  to  increased  cyclonic         moderate    for    the   whole    study    period         conditions resulting in higher sea ice concentration    (r = 0.35), even though also statistically significant,         around the northern AP (Turner et al., 2016). There     and similarly to sea ice, its influence was largest in         has also been a discussion about the influence of       winter  (r  =  0.56).  Interestingly,  there  was  also  a         El  Niño  –  Southern  Oscillation  (ENSO)  and         statistically significant relationship between sea ice         Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on air temperature          and  SAM  in  winter  (r  =  -0.52).  Finally,  no         in  the Antarctic  Peninsula  Region  which  should     relationship   was   ascertained   between    air         also depend on the interaction between ENSO and         temperature on the Ulu Peninsula and ENSO.         SAM (e.g., Clem et al., 2016).                                                                 Acknowledgements         In  this  study,  we  have  analysed  the  relationship         between  air  temperature  from  the  Ulu  Peninsula    Research  was  supported  by  the  Czech  Science         (James Ross Island), ENSO, SAM and sea ice in           Foundation  project  (GC16-14122J),  the  Czech         the vicinity of James Ross Island. Air temperature      Polar     Research      Infrastructure    project         data were measured at 2 m height above ice-free         (LM2015078)      and    ECOPOLARIS        project         surface of a marine terrace close to Johann Gregor      (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001708)  funded  by         Mendel Czech Antarctic Station during the period        the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the         2005–2016.  The  ENSO  phenomenon  was                  Czech Republic.         represented  by  Multivariate  ENSO  Index  (MEI;       References         NOAA ESRL PSD, 2018), while sea ice influence           Clem, K. R., Renwick. J. A., McGregor, J., Fogt,         was characterised as a sea ice fraction in the grid     R. L. (2016). The relative influence of ENSO and         point closest to the Johann Gregor Mendel Station       SAM  on  Antarctic  Peninsula  climate.  Journal  of         in  the  MERRA-2  Reanalysis  (NASA,  2018).  All       Geophysical  Research:  Atmospheres,  121,  pp.         the data including SAM Index (UCAR, 2018) were          9324–9341.         analysed as monthly means.                              Turner, J., Lu, H., White, I., King, J. C., Phillips,         There was found a statistically significant negative    T., Hosking, J. S., Bracegirdle, T. J., Marshall, G.         relationship  between  air  temperature  and  sea  ice   J., Mulvaney, R., Deb, P. (2016). Absence of 21st         (correlation coefficient r = -0.88); however, due to    century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent         common annual cycle in air temperature and sea ice      with  natural  variability.  Nature,  535  (7612),  pp.         data, the relationship was only moderate (r = -0.59)    411–415.         when the differences from the monthly mean of the         whole study period were utilised. The relationship                                                                     10","Geophysical methods for assessing physical and mechanical properties of frozen soils                                                                1                                                                                      1                                                 1*                                    Ivan Agapkin , Pavel Kotov , Andrey Koshurnikov                1  Faculty of Geology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskiye Gory, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russia                                                     *15331533@mail.ru                     Keywords: frozen saline soil, mechanical properties, velocity of ultrasonic waves, electrical resistivity             One  of  the  most  important  investigations  in       The  studies  were  conducted  on  two  artificial         geophysics  is  the  estimation  of  the  stress-strain   samples  (fine  sand,  lean  clay).  Artificial  soil         state  of  frozen  soils  in  the  massif.  Today,      belonged  to  non-saline  soils.  Solutions  with         engineering    geology   and    geotechnics   are       different concentrations of NaCl were mixed to set         successfully  applied  for  this  purpose  (drilling,   different  degrees  of  salinity  (fine  sand  –  0.1  %,         sampling, laboratory and field testing). As a result    0.23 %, and 0.6 %, lean clay – 0.3 %, 0.6 %, and         of  these  investigations,  there  is  a  geological    1.0 %). We have prepared samples of given water         section,  which  is  divided  into  engineering-        content (sand – 9 %, 15 %, and 20 %, lean clay –         geological  elements  with  a  set  of  physical  and   20 %, 30 %, and 36 %). The density was set by         mechanical     properties   of    soils.   These        layering compaction in special forms. All samples         characteristics are used to calculate the stress-strain   had massive cryogenic texture.         state. However, these methods are very laborious,       Spherical  template  indenter  test  and  uniaxial         require high material costs and in some cases are       compression were carried out according to GOST         difficult to implement. The characteristics of soils    12248-2010 at the temperatures of -2 °C, -4 °C, and         obtained  during  the  tests  are  discrete  and  do  not   -6  °C.  All  tests  were  carried  out  with  a  fourfold         take into account the spatio-temporal variability of    repetition.  A  total  of  110  experiments  were         the  properties  and  conditions  of  frozen  soils.    conducted.         Therefore,  it  is  important  to  use  geophysical     Acoustic and electrical properties were determined         methods  for  forecasting  and  monitoring  the         on  the  samples  before  and  after  the  tests.         properties of frozen soils. Although this estimate is   Measurements of the electrical properties of soils         indirect and less accurate than direct testing, it can   were  carried  out  on  a  low-frequency  alternating         characterize  the  massif  in  its  natural  form  and   current   by   a    four-electrode   installation.         provide long-term monitoring of the change in its       Measurements were made with a set of equipment         stress-strain state. The scientific significance lies in   \"Spectrum  1\",  developed  by  LLC  \"MSU-         establishing  the  basic  dependencies  used  in  the   Geophysics\".  Measurements  of  the  acoustic         transition from geophysical parameters to physical      properties of soils were carried out using UD4-130         and mechanical. Simultaneous use of electrical and      equipment  and  a  set  of  acoustic  sensors  with  a         acoustic  characteristics  to  evaluate  the  same      center frequency of 60 kHz. The choice of such a         parameters of the composition and structure of the      frequency  range  was  associated  with  the  need  to         soil can significantly improve the reliability of the   obtain  clear  first  arrivals,  provided  that  the  ratio         results obtained (Wu et al., 2017). From the point      the wavelength and the geometric parameters of the         of  view  of  increasing  the  informativeness  of  the   sample are preserved. For the measurement of the         geophysical  methods,  the  establishment  of  the      velocities of the passage of elastic waves, the X-ray         dependence of strength on geophysical parameters        method was used. The speed of passage of elastic         that  are  correlated  with  the  modulus  of           vibrations is defined as the ratio of the transmission         deformation,  is  of  particular  interest.  Therefore,   base to the propagation time of these waves.         special  studies  were  made  on  the  relationship     Temperature is a significant factor influencing the         between  strength  and  geophysical  properties         value of strength of frozen soils. Unfrozen water         (electrical and acoustic).                              content has a strong relationship with strength and                                                            11","it mainly depends on temperature. Velocity of the       characteristics as a function of salinity and wave         ultrasonic  waves  depends  on  temperature  too,       velocity, limiting electrical resistance for each soil         because of velocity increases in ice or the mineral     type. The coefficients of this equation are functions         part.  The  ultrasonic  wave  velocities  and  electric   of  temperature.  Factor  analysis  shows  that  the         resistivity   dramatically   increases   as   the       specific   electrical   resistance   is   inversely                                     °                                             °         temperature changes from -2  C to -6  C.                proportional  to  the  concentration  of  the  pore         This  relationship  is  more  noticeable  in  lean  clay   solution.  With  increasing  salinity,  electrical         because there is far less unfrozen water in sand. So    properties  change  more  intensively  than  wave                                              °         we  can  see  that  lean  clays  under  -6  C  have  the   velocities.         maximum  velocity  and  maximum  strength.  With        References         increasing  temperature,  unfrozen  water  content      GOST  12248-2010  (2011).  Soils.  Laboratory         also  increases,  and  the  values  of  velocity  and   methods  for  determining  the  strength  and  strain.         strength  reduce.  Salinity  is  an  important  factor,   Standartinform, 109 pp.         which increases the freezing temperature. In salty      Wu, Y., Nakagawa, S., Kneafsey, T. J., Dafflon, B.,         samples,  electrical  resistivity  decreases  because   Hubbard,  S.  (2017).  Electrical  and  seismic         salt water is a good conductor. The samples with        response of saline permafrost soil during freeze -         maximum  salinity  have  more  unfrozen  water,         Thaw  transition.  Journal  of  Applied  Geophysics,         which  decreases  the  strength  and  geophysical       146, pp. 16–26.         characteristics. Regressive equations were obtained         for  the  dependence  of  strength  and  deformation                                                                                                                12","Spatial variability of soil organic carbon and active layer thickness along a latitudinal                                 transect from taiga to tundra of Western Siberia                                                  *1                                                                   1                                                                                      1                                     Anna Bobrik , Natalia Petrzhik , Matvey Tarkhov               1  Department of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia                                                    *ann-bobrik@yandex.ru                              Keywords: permafrost, CO2 efflux, permafrost-affected soils, microbial carbon             Through  the  combination  of  the  permafrost  and     respectively).The  south  tundra  research  site         significant reserves of soil organic matter, such as    (Urengoy) is located in continuous permafrost zone         peat, cryogenic ecosystems are unique indicators of     (N 67°48;  E 76°69’). Soils of this research site are         climate change in the early stages. Understanding       characterized  by  low  active  layer  thickness,  CO2         the  controls  over  element  cycling  in  these        efflux,  and  content  of  microbial  carbon  (August         ecosystems  is  important  to  predict  changes  in     2016).         carbon  (C)  and  nitrogen  (N)  dynamics  due  to      The spatial distribution of CO2 efflux and content         climate  change.  So  how  is  the  variability  of     of  water-extractable  organic  carbon  are  strongly         environmental factors related to the components of      correlated  with  hypsometric  levels  (r  =  -0.33,         carbon cycle in different permafrost zones along a      and  r  =  -0.42  respectively,  p  <  0.05)  in  tundra         latitudinal transect? The aim of our study was to       ecosystems. Despite the wide array of changes in         assess  the  spatial  variability  of  the  soil  organic   both physical (soil temperature, soil moisture) and         carbon pool and CO2 efflux from the soils in north      biological  conditions  (vegetation  composition,         taiga, forest-tundra and south tundra of Arctic West    content  of  labile  and  microbial  soil  carbon),  our         Siberia  (Russia).  The  north  taiga  research  site   results  show  that  soil  CO2  flux  did  not  vary         (Nadym)  is  located  in  discontinuous  permafrost     significantly  throughout  the  transect  (taiga-forest         zone (N 65º18', E 72º52'). The average active layer     tundra-south  tundra).  However,  the  depth  of         thickness was 163 ± 8 cm (August 2015). The CO2         permafrost table differed significantly. It explains         efflux from the peatlands was low (202 ± 37 mg          the  necessity  of  an  adequate  assessment  of  the                   -1                -2         СО2·m ·h ).  The  upper  horizons  of  the  peatland    active  layer  thickness  spatial  variability  a         soils statistically differed from those of the bog in   significant  factor  influencing  regional  CO2         the  contents  of  the  total  (31.88  ±  3.02  %,  and    emission.  The results show that the  active layer         37.96 ± 2.00 %, respectively), labile (1400 ± 300,      thickness in our experimental area in the Siberian                                   -1         and 31100 ± 2200 mgC·kg  of soil) and microbial         taiga and forest tundra is an important control on                                                      -1         carbon  (4260  ±  330,  and  240  ±  50  mgC·kg   of    soil  organic  carbon  efflux,  but  in  continuous         soil).                                                  permafrost zone (forest-tundra), this relationship is         The  forest-tundra  research  site  (Urengoy  Gas       stronger  than  in  discontinuous  permafrost  zone         Field)  is  located  in  continuous  permafrost  zone    (north taiga).          (N  66°18',  E  76°54’).  The  average  active  layer         thickness  was  85  ±  10  cm  (August  2015).  CO2     References         efflux  from  the  peatland  soil  was  low  and        GOST  12248-2010  (2011).  Soils.        Laboratory         characterized      by       high       variability      methods  for  determining  the  strength  and  strain.                             -2                                -1         (202 ± 25 mgСО2·m ·h ). The average content of          Standartinform, 109 pp.         total  organic  carbon  was  high  (29.58  ±  5.02  %).    Wu, Y., Nakagawa, S., Kneafsey, T. J., Dafflon, B.,         The average content of labile organic carbon in the     Hubbard,  S.  (2017).  Electrical  and  seismic         peatland  soils  was  smaller  than  in  the  bog  soils   response of saline permafrost soil during freeze -                                                 -1         (1350 ± 150, and 25 400 ± 4000 mgC·kg  of soil,         Thaw  transition.  Journal  of  Applied  Geophysics,                                                                 146, pp. 16–26.                                                            13","Variability of the vertical ozone profiles at the Marambio Base, Antarctic Peninsula                                                         Region                                                                                1                                                            1                             Klára Čížková 1,2* , Martin Staněk , Ladislav Metelka , Kamil Láska 2                    1  Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Solar and Ozone Department, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic                           2  Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Czech Republic                                                 * cizkova.klara@hotmail.com                          Keywords: ozone, depletion, ozone hole, Antarctica, Umkehr, vertical profiles, stratosphere            Ozone (O3) is a gas most abundantly occurring in        above surface). In early austral spring (August), the         ozonosphere (about 20–30 km above the surface),         ozone  depletion  starts  in  the  upper  layers  of  the         and it protects the life on Earth against the harmful   ozonosphere, which are more exposed to the solar         ultraviolet  radiation.  In  the  1980s,  severe  ozone   ultraviolet  radiation.  During  late  August  and         losses were observed over the Antarctica (Farman        September, the depletion propagates downward to         et  al.,  1985),  and  although  the  first  signs  of   layer  4.  The  ozone  layer  recovers  by  the  end  of         recovery have already been reported (e.g., Solomon      November, while the uppermost layers heal sooner         et  al.,  2016),  ozone  depletion  is  still  an  ongoing   than the lower layers of the ozonosphere. However,         issue.  Therefore,  it  is  important  to  continuously   due to the location of the Marambio Base near the         monitor the ozone layer and its vertical structure.     Antarctic Circle and due to the deformations and         There are several different ways of vertical ozone      rotation  of  the  polar  vortex,  frequent  changes  in         profile retrievals, such as ozone soundings, satellite   ozone amounts have been observed. In only several         observation, or the Umkehr method, which is based       days, the total ozone amount can change by more         on  ground-based  spectral  ultraviolet  radiation      than 100 Dobson Units and the ozone profile from         measurements.  This  method  was  first  described      depleted  to  non-depleted  and  vice  versa.  The         by Götz et al. (1934) and the currently most used       Marambio time series is therefore a good example         algorithm has been proposed by Petropavlovskikh         for studying the ozone vertical structure near the         et al. (2005).                                          edge of polar vortex, where the alternating influxes         At the Marambio Base, Antarctic Peninsula Region        of ozone-rich and ozone-poor air create a unique         (S 64°14′27.65″, W 56°37′36.31″, 196 m a. s. l.),       ozone climatology.         the Umkehr vertical ozone profile retrievals have                                                                 Acknowledgements         been  carried  out  since  February  2010,  when  the         B199  Brewer  spectrophotometer  was  installed         This  study  was  performed  under  the  financial         there by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute.       support   of    the   Project   of   the   Czech         Based  on  this  time  series  and  collocated  ozone   Hydrometeorological  Institute  No.  03461022         soundings, an innovative method of retrieving the       ‘Monitoring of the ozone layer and UV radiation in         Umkehr vertical ozone profiles near the edge of the     Antarctica’,  funded  by  the  State  Environmental         Southern polar vortex, which takes in account the       Fund of the Czech Republic; Projects of Masaryk         shape of the ozone profile, has been proposed by        University    MUNI/A/1251/2017        ‘Integrated         Čížková  et  al.  (2018).  In  this  study,  the  vertical   research of environmental changes in the landscape         ozone profiles time series obtained by this adjusted    sphere  III’;  LM2015078  ‘Czech  Polar  Research         Umkehr retrieval has been assessed and analyzed.        Infrastructure’  funded  by  the  Ministry  of         The shape of the depleted and non-depleted profiles     Education,  Youth  and  Sports  of  the  Czech         significantly differs especially at Umkehr layer 4      Republic;  and  Aktion  Österreich-Tschechien:  On         (approximately  15–20  km  above  surface),             the vertical distribution of ozone within the edge of         however, the signs of ozone depletion have been         the  Antarctic  polar  vortex:  a  comparison  of         also observed at layers 5 and 6 (between 20–30 km       Sounding  and  Umkehr  profiles  from  Marambio                                                            14","Base.    Data     courtesy    of    the    Czech        Götz, F., Meetham, A. R., Dobson, G. B. (1934).         Hydrometeorological Institute.                          The  vertical  distribution  of  ozone  in  the                                                                 atmosphere.  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society         References                                                                 London. Series – A., 145, pp. 416–446.         Čížková,  K.,  Rieder,  H.  E.,  Staněk,  M.,           Petropavlovskikh, I., Bhartia, P. K., DeLuisi, J. J.         Petropavlovskikh,  I.,  Metelka,  L.,  Láska,  K.       (2005).  New  Umkehr  ozone  profile  retrieval         (2018).  Can  Brewer  Umkehr  measurements              algorithm  optimized  for  climatological  studies.         capture  ozone  variability  near  the  edge  of  the   Geophysical  Research  Letter,  32  (L16808),         Southern  polar  vortex?  Geophysical  Research         pp. 1–5.         Abstracts, 20.                                                                 Solomon, S., Ivy, D. J., Kinnison, D., Mills, M.J.,         Farman,  J.  C.,  Gardiner,  B.  G.,  Shanklin,  J.  D.   Neely,  R.  R.,  Schmidt,  A.  (2016).  Emergence  of         (1985).  Large losses of  total ozone in Antarctica         reveal seasonal Cl0x/NOx interaction. Nature, 315,      healing  in  the  Antarctic  ozone  layer.  Science,                                                                 10.1126, pp. 1–12.         pp. 207–210.                                                                                                                           15","Hydrological modeling based on multiple data approaches in Boreal region with                                            diverse permafrost conditions                                                         1*                                                                         1                                                  Li Han , Lucas Menzel            1  Institute of Geography, Professorship in Hydrology and Climatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany                                                   *li.han@uni-heidelberg.de                             Keywords: Boreal region, hydrological modeling, permafrost, global gridded data                                                                                                       2         The boreal ecotone has been experiencing drastic        Mongolia: Gremyachka (15872 km ) for the period                                                                                                        2         environmental  changes,  such  as  temperature          1946  to  1997  and  Povorot  (45018  km )  for  the         increase,  rising  river  discharges,  and  permafrost   period  1936  to  1997.  The  simulations  were         degradation. Enhanced by the complex interactions       performed with four types of combinations of two         between climate, hydrology, and permafrost, these       input  data  and  two  HBV-D  model  versions:         changes  are  expected  to  continue  and  perhaps      observation-data-lumped  (OL),  observation-data-         accelerate in the coming century. Our project aims      distributed (OD), grid-data-lumped (GL), and grid-         at better understanding of these long-term hydro-       data-distributed  (GD).  For  each  combination,  the         climatic  changes  and  their  possible  interactions   HBV-D model shows an acceptable performance,         with permafrost dynamics in the Boreal region. By       assessed  by  the  Nash-Sutcliffe  model  efficiency         taking  into  account  the  process  complexity,  the   (NSE)  and  the  lnNSE  coefficients,  with  values         large  spatial-temporal  variability  and  facing  the   being above 0.70. While the OD combination was         challenge of limited data availability, we will apply   found to have the best performance among the four         both  observation  data  and  global  gridded  data  to   combinations,  the  GD  combination  shows  more         force two different hydrological models, HBV-D          improvement  as  basin  area  increases  (from                                                                           2                                                                                         2         and  the  Raven  modeling  platform.  With  this        15872 km  to 45018 km ). This indicates that the         setting,  we  investigate  permafrost  hydrological     gridded data have the potential to run hydrological         processes  and  conduct  climate  driven  analyses      models in a data scarce environment, especially in         across  different  spatio-temporal  scales  among       the  large  Siberian  river  basins,  where  the         diverse permafrost conditions.                          availability  of  observation-based  stations  is  very         So far, we have applied the hydrological HBV-D          limited.         model to simulate the discharge in two meso-scaled         catchments  in  the  Selenga  basin  of  Northern                                                                                          16","Past and present of Arctic terns` studies                                                                1                                                                                2,3                                             1,*                                                                                                1,2                         Tereza Hromádková  , Michaela Syrová , Martin Briedis , Václav Pavel                    1  Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, České Budějovice, Czech Republic                            2  Faculty of Science, 17. listopadu 50, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic                                   3  Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, Switzerland                                                  * hromadkova.ter@gmail.com                   Keywords: antipredation behaviour, Arctic tern, human impact, incubation behaviour, geolocator, migration            Arctic  terns  (Sterna  paradisaea)  are  colonially    compared  to  the  terns  from  Adolfbukta,  but         nesting  birds  breeding  in  the  High  Arctic  area.   returned  to  the  nest  quickly  after  the  initial         When the northern winter comes, they migrate to         disturbance,  while  the  Adolfbukta  terns  lingered         the  southern  hemisphere  where  their  wintering      out  of  the  nest  for  a  much  longer  period         areas are located  around the Antarctica. Aims of       (meanLYR = 48 s, meanADOL = 421 s, Linear model,         our  Arctic  terns’  studies  are  (i)  to  examine  the   F1,59 = 145.75, p < 0.001).         impact  of  human  presence  on  reaction  and          These findings indicate that the reaction of terns is         behaviour of nesting terns in two different colonies    not optimal in either of the breeding colonies. In         in  Svalbard  (the  first  with  permanent  human       Longyearbyen,  terns  are  more  aggressive,  spend         presence    –    Svalbard’s   main     settlement,      less time incubating eggs due to frequent human-         Longyearbyen = LYR; the second without humans           induced  disturbances,  but  after  disturbing  they         present  –  a  colony  on  a  glacier  foreland  in     return  to  the  nest  quickly.  Whereas  the  terns         Adolfbukta  =  ADOL),  and  (ii)  to  track  the        breeding in Adolfbukta are not adapted to human         southbound and northbound path of the migrating         presence  and  as  consequence  those  sporadic         Arctic terns from Svalbard.                             disturbances  can  cause  damages  to  the  nests         The  results  of  an  incubation  behaviour  study      (e.g.,  chilling  eggs,  predation)  due  to  prolonged         showed a significant effect of human presence on        absences of the parents from the nests.         the  behaviour  of  Arctic  terns.  Due  to  the  higher   The migration study is in process. In the breeding         ratio of human disturbances in the Longyearbyen         season  2017  we  equipped  30  Arctic  terns  with         colony, the incubating birds tended to spend more       geolocators   in   the    breeding   colony    in         time out of the nest per day (meanLYR = 2.20 %,         Longyearbyen.  The  selected  type/brand  of         meanADOL  =  3.03  %;  linear  model,  F1,27  =  4.36,    geolocator   was   Intigeo-W65A9-SEA/Migrate         p < 0.05), and average off-bouts were significantly     Technology Ltd., and it was mounted to the leg-         longer  than  in  Adolfbukta  (meanLYR  =  38.15  s,    ring. To obtain the data from geolocators, we plan         meanADOL  =  36.85  s;  generalized  linear  model,     to recapture as many terns as possible in June and         p < 0.05). Moreover, the Longyearbyen terns were        July 2018.         also significantly more aggressive towards humans                                                                               17","Taxonomy, ecology and biogeography of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of two isolated                                                 sub-Antarctic islands                                                                                2,3                                                          1,*                                          Barbora Chattová , Bart van de Vijver                       1  Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Czech Republic                       2                          Botanic Garden Meise, Research Department, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium                   3  University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOBE, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium                                                  * barbora.chattova@gmail.com                      Keywords: Bacillariophyta, ecology, Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, new species, sub-Antarctic region            This  study  brings  information  about  the  diatom    distribution.  One  of  the  main  objectives  of  this         diversity and taxonomy  of two isolated, volcanic       study was to revise the diversity of the dominant         islands, Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul (TAAF,        genera (Pinnularia, Humidophila and Luticola) on         Southern  Indian  Ocean).  The  first  part  of  the    Île  Amsterdam  and  Île  Saint-Paul  based  on  a         research focuses on the ecological preferences of       modern morphological species concept. The study         the freshwater and moss inhabiting diatom flora of      resulted  in  the  description  of  sixteen  new  taxa.         Île Amsterdam, its biogeographical position within      Detailed morphological descriptions of these taxa         the  southern  Indian  Ocean  Province,  and  the       are given based on both light (LM) and scanning         different diatom communities in relation to several     electron microscopy (SEM) observations. The new         habitat characteristics. A series of physicochemical    taxa  are  morphologically  and  ecologically         variables  have  been  measured  to  allow  specific    characterized comparing each of them with all at         characterisation of the ecological preferences of the   present known species and notes on their ecology,         observed diatom flora. During this study, more than     biogeography and associated diatom communities         400  samples  from  three  different  habitat  types    are  added.  A  comparison  with  the  other  sub-         (freshwater habitats, mosses and soils) have been       Antarctic  islands  in  the  southern  Indian  Ocean         analysed,  resulting  in  the  observation  of  a  total   clearly demonstrated the unique floristic situation         number of 146 diatom taxa, belonging to 41 genera.      of the islands. The results of this study indicate the         Main  factors  influencing  species  composition  of    presence of a highly specific diatom flora on the         diatom  assemblages  appeared  to  be  specific         investigated islands, containing a large number of         conductance,  sulphate,  pH  and  moisture  content.    species  with  a  very  restricted,  even  sometimes         The biogeographical analysis showed that 19 % of        endemic  distribution,  contrary  to  the  generally         all observed taxa can be considered endemic to Île      accepted  ideas  about  the  cosmopolitan  nature  of         Amsterdam  or  Île  Saint-Paul,  with  an  additional    micro-organisms worldwide.         14  %  showing  an  exclusive  sub-Antarctic                                                                                    18","On the origin and evolution of proglacial lake Ragnar, central Spitsbergen                                                         Jan Kavan 1*                 1  Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk university, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic                                                   * jan.kavan.cb@gmail.com                                        Keywords: glacier retreat, Spitsbergen, proglacial lake             Central Svalbard experiences rapid deglaciation in      There was actually no lake on the photographs from         last decades resulting in vast areas being exposed      1961,  however  the  lake  appears  on  the  pictures         to  erosion  and  transformation  of  landscape  in     from  1991.  According  to  several  personal         general. Glacier forelands are dynamic areas with       observations of visitors, the origin of the lake can         high velocity of geomorphic processes and are also      be dated between 1979 and 1984.         perfect places for origin of new lakes.                 The  evolution  of  the  lake  area  based  on  aerial         Ragnar lake is one of the largest (if not the largest   photos and GPS measurements is well illustrated in         one at all) in the area of Billefjorden. It covers an   Figure 1. Apart the changes in area, an attempt to         area  of  51.6  ha  recently  (2017).  The  lake  is    evaluate  changes  in  volume  has  also  been  made         dammed by a frontal moraine dated back to little        with use of GPS map sonar. Two surveys have been         ice  age.  As  all  the  neighbouring  glaciers,  the   made in 2011 and 2017. Rather important changes         Ragnar  glacier  is  retreating  as  well  nowadays.    have been detected especially close to the northern         Average retreat rate of approximately 20 m/year in      shore line and obviously also close to the retreating         last years allows the lake to spread its surface and    glacier front where new volume of lake water was         also transform its bottom.                              created.  This  evolution  in  lake  volume  is                                                                 documented in Figure 2.                                                                 Lake Ragnar is a perfect example of recent high                                                                 velocity  geomorphic  processes  connected  to                                                                 fastened glacier retreat within the last decades. It is                                                                 very  likely  that  such  processes  will  go  on  with                                                                 further  atmospheric  forcings.  It  can  be  expected                                                                 that the lake will continue to grow in its area and          Figure 1 Development of the lake area based on          volume  as  far  as  the  frontal  moraine  is  stable         aerial photographs and GPS surveys.                     enough to hold on the increasing volume of lake                                                                 water. The origin is documented to be rather fast         It is possible to reconstruct the evolution of lake         based on aerial photographs and field GPS surveys.      but it can happen that also the destruction could be                                                                 a fast going process.                                                       Figure 2 Changes in lake bathymetry.                                                             19","Environmental factors influencing Svalbard reindeer (Rangiferus tarandus) populations                                       as seen through antler characteristics                                                        1*                                             Jan Kavan , Veronika Anděrová   2                 1  Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk university, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic          2  Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech                                                          Republic                                                   * jan.kavan.cb@gmail.com                                          Keywords: reindeers, population, fitness, Svalbard            Reindeer fitness can be correlated with antler size     However,  significant  differences  are  to  be  found         and number of tines as described for reindeers and      between  the  two  populations.  Average  relative         other species of Cervidae. Fitness of reindeer is a     antler  size  including  yearlings  is  in  case  of         result  of  different  environmental  parameters        Petuniabukta  0.31  and  0.41  for  Skansbukta         influencing  their  ability  to  feed  during  the      respectively.   These    two    parameters    are         vegetation season. In case of the Svalbard reindeer,    documented in figure 1.         the  basic  parameters  influencing  feeding  success         are  the  length  of  the  summer  vegetation  season,     20                                                                         a)         total  biomass  production  and  atmospheric                      skansbukta         conditions as a general factor influencing the above       15     petuniabukta         mentioned parameters.         Two  isolated  populations  of  Svalbard  reindeer        number of tines  10         were  studied  in  Billefjorden,  central  Svalbard.        5         Observation and monitoring was carried out during         summer 2017. The first population was located in            0         the northernmost part of the fjord - Petuniabukta             0       20      40      60     80      100                                                                                  cumulative probability         and its neighbourhood. The second one was based                                                                     1         just in the mouth of Billefjorden near Skansbukta.              b)         Petuniabukta is characterised by semi-continental          0,8    skansbukta         climate with rather sparse and poor vegetation. On                petuniabukta                                                                    0,6         the  other  hand,  Skansbukta  is  relatively  rich  on   RAS         vegetation  and  the  climate  is  generally  milder  in   0,4         comparison with Petuniabukta.                              0,2         The observations were  made directly in the field                                                                     0         during  August  2017.  All  specimen  were                    0       20      40      60      80     100         photographed in their natural habitat with 300mm                            cumulative probability         tele-objective multiple times to ensure high quality    Figure 1. Number of tines a) and relative antler b)         pictures with the possibility to measure relative size   size  cumulative  probability  for  Petuniabukta  and         of antlers and number of tines. Each individual was     Skansbukta reindeer populations         measured for its shoulder height and relative antler    A  similar  pattern  was  found  when  excluding         size from a photo. The number of tines was counted      yearlings  from  the  analysis.  RAS  in  case  of         as well.                                                Petuniabukta  was  0.42  and  0.49  in  case  of         Total number of 159 individuals was observed and        Skansbukta. The average number of tines (NT) was         documented from which 65 individuals were found         found to be 3.58 for both groups. The difference         in Petuniabukta and 94 in Skansbukta. The average       between the two populations followed the pattern         relative antler size (RAS) was 0.37 for both groups.    of RAS. NT in case of Petuniabukta was calculated                                                            20","as 2.81 and 4.12 including yearlings whereas 3.76       therefore concluded that the reindeer population in         for  Petuniabukta  and  4.95  for  Skansbukta  when     Skansbukta has higher fitness than the population         excluding yearlings from the analysis.                  in  Petuniabukta.  This  correspond  with  better         The  observed  populations  differ  on  the  basis  of   environmental  conditions  found  in  Skansbukta  –         both parameters – relative antler size and number       higher mean annual temperature, higher quality of         of tines. Both parameters were tested with the test     vegetation, higher land coverage of vegetation and         on  differences  of  means  (p  <  0.001).  It  can  be   longer vegetation season.                                                                                                                                          21","Influence of atmospheric circulation on total cloud cover and cloud types in central                                                      Spitsbergen                                                                               1                                                         1                                                                                             2           Sebastian Kendzierski 1,3,* , Leszek Kolendowicz , Marek Pólrolniczak , Kamil Láska , Katarzyna Szyga-                                                                1                                                           Pluta             1  Department of Climatology, Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, Faculty of Geographical and                                  Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland                         2                           Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic                            3  ENEA Trading Sp. z o. o., Świerże Górne, Kozienice, 26-900 Kozienice 1, Poland                                                      * wrf@amu.edu.pl                 Keywords: cloud cover, cloud amount, atmospheric circulation, Petuniabukta, Svalbard-Lufthavn, Spitsbergen             The aim of the project is to present the results of     based on the reanalysis data (NCEP/NCAR) for the         studies  of  the  meteorological  conditions  for  the   sea  level  pressure  (SLP),  geophysical  altitude         area  of  western  part  of  the  Petuniabukta  Bay     500 hPa, and air temperature at the geopothermic         (Svalbard) in July and August 2016. The report is       altitude of 850 hPa (T850), composite maps of the         based on observational data, which were obtained        synoptic situations and their anomalies for the area         near the Adam Mickiewicz Polar Station and the          W30°  to  E60°,  N70°  N85°  were  created.  These         Czech Station in the Petuniabukta Bay (Svalbard).       weather  types,  distinguished  on  the  basis  of  re-         The data contain information about cloud cover and      analysis  of  data  (NCEP/NCAR),  allowed  for  the         type  of  clouds.  Measurements  and  observations      creation  of  composite  maps  of  the  synoptic         were performed every three hours at one measuring       situation and its anomalies. They define synoptic         site  –  Petuniabukta.  For  the  comparison  of        situations during observation of a particular type of         meteorological conditions, data from the Svalbard-      clouds and cloud cover.         Lufthavn  station  were  collected.  Regarding  the                                                                 References         impact of synoptic conditions on the values of the         individual  types  of  clouds,  the  classification  of   Niedźwiedź,  T.  (2017).  Kalendarz  typów         types  of  synoptic  circulation  was  based  on  the   cyrkulacji  atmosfery  dla  Polski  południowej  —         typology  by  Niedźwiedź  (2017).  In  terms  of  the   zbiór  komputerowy,  Uniwersytet  Śląski,  Katedra         meteorological  parameters,  the  basic  statistical    Klimatologii,  Sosnowiec.  Available  online:         measures were calculated. The project analysed the      http://www.kk.wnoz.us.edu.pl/nauka/kalendarz-         average daily mileages according to the circulation     typow-cyrkulacji/         types of weather. For distinguished weather types                                                                                    22","Effect of freezing-thawing on CO2 fluxes from soils in the field manipulation                                                       experiment                                                                    1                                              1,2                                                                                               1                           Dmitry Khoroshaev *, Irina Kurganova , Valentin Lopes de Gerenyu           1  Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science RAS, Institutskaya st. 2/2, 142290, Pushchino, Russia                          2                             Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Science av. 3, 142290, Pushchino, Russia                                                 * d.khoroshaev@tutanota.com                    Keywords: soil respiration, imitation experiment, freeze-thaw events, extreme climate, snowpack depth             Cold-season CO2 effluxes represent an important         Six plots were planted with a mixture of legume         component  of  the  annual  carbon  budget  in          and cereal seeds. The other six plots were bare and         seasonally snow covered ecosystems of tundra and        regularly weeded during the vegetation season. For         boreal regions, where they can contribute 5–40 %        each  land  cover  type,  the  following  winter         of   the   annual    CO2    efflux   from    soils      treatments were applied: (1) reference plot, “Ref”,         (Zamolodchikov and Karelin, 2001; Kurganova et.         with a natural depth of  snow cover, (2) no-frost,         al, 2003; Wang et. al., 2010). It is also suggested     “NoFr” (simulation of deep snow cover by artificial         that in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems, about       heat insulation materials, HIM), and (3) no-snow,         10–50 % of C uptake by plants during the growing        “NoSn” (without snow cover). The reference plots         season is respired by soil microbes during winter       did not receive any treatments. The “NoSn” plots         (Blankinship and Hart, 2012). However, the current      were  covered  with  a  protective  netted  screen  to         efforts to estimate and simulate the carbon cycle in    remove the snowpack from the soil surface without         northern ecosystems are strongly hindered by the        any  disturbance.  During  the  whole  experiment,         poor  understanding  of  the  factors  controlling  the   snow was usually removed by this treatment on the         main biochemical processes during the cold season.      day after a snowfall of more than 2–3 cm density.         This study focused mainly on: (1) the comparison        To  avoid  soil  frost  completely  in  the  “NoFr”         of soil temperature regimes due to differences in       treatment, snow cover was manipulated by a 15 cm         snow  cover  depth  and  land  cover  type,             layer  of  artificial  heat  insulation  material,  which         (2) the quantification of effect of snowpack pattern    consisted of 3 layers of white padding polyester.         on cold-season CO2 efflux from soils under various      Air temperature (1.5 m above the soil surface) and         land  cover  types,  and  (3)  the  contribution  of    soil temperature at four depths (1, 5, 10, and 20 cm         thawing events to the total cold-season CO2 efflux      below the soil surface) were measured 6 times per         from soils in the temperate continental region.         day  at  every  plot  by  the  thermochrons  iButton         The study was carried out in artificial grassland and   (USA). At each plot, the rate of CO2 efflux (ER-         bare  plots  within  the  framework  of  a  field       CO2) was measured by the closed chamber method         snowpack manipulation experiment. The removal           1–5  times  per  week,  depending  on  the  freezing–         of  snow  cover  and  the  use  of  heat  insulation    thawing regime, from 22nd October 2014 until 4th         materials  during  the  cold  season  permitted  to     April  2015  (85  measurements  for  each  factorial         maintain  the  contrasting  snowpack  and  soil         combination in total).         freezing regimes, including no frost and continuous     The  mean  values  of  cold-season  Tsoil  varied         freezing  conditions.  The  plots  were  situated  on   between 1.0 and 1.7 °C in the “NoFr” plots, and         Haplic  Luvisols  at  the  experimental  site  of  the   changed  from  0.6  to  −1.0  °C  in  the  “Ref”  and         Institute  of  Physicochemical  and  Biological         “NoSn”  treatments.  Minimal  Tsoil  values  in  the         Problems  in  Soil  Science  of  the  Russian           “Ref” and “NoSn” treatments reached accordingly         Academy of Sciences (Pushchino, Moscow region;          from −4.9 to −7.0 °C in the surface layer (1 cm) at                                                        2         N 54°50′, E 37°36′). The experimental area (70 m )      bare plots, and from −4.2 to −4.8 °C at the grass                                                 2         was divided into 12 individual plots (2 m  in size).    areas.  The  rate  of  CO2  efflux  (ER-CO2)  from                                                            23","unfrozen  soils  (“NoFr”  treatment)  changed  from     Concluding, during a warm winter with a delay of                             −1                          −2         13–30  mg  C·m ·h   during  the  winter  time           snow cover formation, the snow addition provided                              −1                          −2         to 60–80 mg C·m ·h  in autumn and spring. The           a more notable impact on winter CO2 effluxes from         mean  cold-season  rate  of  CO2  efflux  comprised     soils  than  snow  removal.  The  thawing  of  frozen                                              −2                                                   −1         here 46.1 ± 5.0 and 33.7 ± 5.6 mg С·m  · h  from        soils generally resulted in an abrupt increase in CO2         grass and bare plots, respectively. In the “Ref” and    emission. Our findings indicate that the cold season         “NoSn” treatments (frozen soils), ER-CO2 changed        plays  a  principal  role  in  the  carbon  cycle  of  the         very  markedly  during  the  cold  season,  following   seasonally  covered  ecosystem  in  a  temperate         the  dynamics  of  Tsoil  in  the  upper  soil  layer    continental climate, and the alteration of snowpack         (0–20 cm). The significant changes in CO2 efflux        pattern under current climate changes can crucially         rate  caused  by  thawing  relative  to  the  previous   affect cold CO2 effluxes from soils in cold and high         freezing  period  were  observed  here  only  for  the   latitude regions.         third freeze-thaw cycle, and comprised 602 % and                                                                 Acknowledgments         799  %  in  the  “NoSn”  and  “Ref”  treatments,         respectively.  Generally,  the  patterns  of  soil  CO2   This study was funded by the Russian Foundation         efflux  were  similar  for  the  “Ref”  and  “NoSn”     for Basic Research (grant # 18-34-00691), and by         treatments  and  included  three  main  phases:  (1)    the Program of Presidium of RAS # 51 (AAAA-         progressive decrease of ER-CO2 from October to          A18-118013190179-3)         December,  (2)  nearly  stable  and  low  ER-CO2        References                                  −2                                     −1         values  (<10–15  mg  C·m ·h )  during  the  winter      Blankinship,  J.  C.,  Hart,  S.  C.  (2012).         months,    and    (3)   sharp   pulses   (up   to       Consequences of manipulated snow cover on soil                             −1                          −2         100–250 mg C·m ·h ) and very high variability of        gaseous emission and N retention in the growing         ER-CO2 values during the thawing period in early        season: a meta-analysis. Ecosphere, 3 (1), pp. 1–20.         spring. The cumulative CO2 efflux from grass plots         during the 5.5 months of field observations varied      Kurganova,  I., Gerenyu, V. L. D., Rozanova,  L.,                                          −2         between 82 ± 13 and 87 ± 11 g C·m  in frozen soils      Sapronov,  D.,  Myakshina,  T.,  Kudeyarov,  V.         (“Ref”  and  “NoSn”  treatments),  and  amounted        (2003).  Annual  and  seasonal  CO2  fluxes  from                           −2         to 164 ± 20 g C·m  in the “NoFr” variant. In the        Russian  southern  taiga  soils.  Tellus  B:  Chemical         bare plots, the cold-season cumulative CO2 efflux       and Physical Meteorology, 55, pp. 338–344.         were 1.1–1.7 times lower in comparison with the         Wang,  W.,  Peng,  S.,  Wang,  T.,  Fang,  J.  (2010).         grassland soils, and varied between 49 ± 6 and 123      Winter  soil  CO2  efflux  and  its  contribution  to                     −2         ± 19 g C·m  depending on the treatment. Spring          annual soil respiration in different ecosystems of a         CO2  effluxes  contributed  about  42–70  %  of  the    forest-steppe  ecotone,  north  China.  Soil  Biology         total cold-season CO2 efflux from frozen soils and      and Biochemistry, 42, pp. 451–458.         comprised  only  22–23  %  of  cold  CO2  emission      Zamolodchikov, D. G., Karelin, D. V. (2001). An         from the unfrozen soils. The contribution of spring     empirical  model  of  carbon  fluxes  in  Russian         CO2 pulses after a thawing event to the annual CO2      tundra. Global Change Biology, 7, pp. 147–161.         efflux was estimated to be at a rate of 5–12 %.                                                                          24","Quantification of Holocene nivation rates on Cape Lachman, James Ross Island                                                                       1                                                       1*                                    Michaela Kňažková , Daniel Nývlt , Filip Hrbáček  1                                  1  Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University                                                * michaelaknazkova@gmail.com                              Keywords: nivation, snowpatch errosion, James Ross Island, Holocene changes             In  a  classical  morphogenetical  concept,  the  term   means  the  area  has  been  ice-free  throughout  the         nivation refers to a range of processes connected       whole Holocene.         with snow-patches and their role in the modelling       This research is based on a field survey using dGPS         of  landscape  (Matthes,  1900).  During  the  recent   (Trimble    GeoExplorer     6000),    conducting         years,  nivation  processes  have  been  studied  only   measurements along 22 transects across the study         sporadically,  with  little  effort  directed  towards  a   area. Furthermore, surficial regolith samples (upper         quantitative description. The existing studies have     10 cm) were collected from the selected transects         focused on mountainous and Arctic regions, while        for  the  purpose  of  grain-size  analysis.  Using  the         there is a general lack of any knowledge about the      dGPS data, a digital terrain model of the study site         nivation processes in ice-free areas of Antarctica.     has  been  constructed  that  allows  for  a  more         Because nivation processes are generally operating      thorough    analysis   of   the   affected   area,         slowly  and  on  a  long  timescale,  they  might  be   e.g.,  calculation  of  the  total  amount  of  material         overridden by faster-working periglacial processes      displaced by meltwater and slope retreat over the         such as solifluction, therefore the effect of nivation   course of the whole Holocene.         alone may be hard, if not impossible to quantify        Distinction  between  the  profiles  affected  by         (Thorn and Hall, 2002). However, in cold semi-arid      nivation processes and those not affected has been         to arid climates with limited annual precipitation      made based on the shape of the slope profile. Out         and  resulting  very  low  soil  moisture  levels,      of 22 transects, 6 have undergone changes in slope         nivation can be considered an important factor in       profile  due  to  nivation.  The  most  significant         landscape modelling.                                    remodelling has occurred on the lee slopes, where         The area of interest for this study is located on Cape   largest  accumulations  of  snow  form  during  the         Lachman,  the  northernmost  tip  of  James  Ross       winter. In some places, the down-wasting reached         Island.  The  site  itself  consists  of  a  semi-circular   up to 10 metres due to the removal of material by         depression ~2 km long and 200 m wide, with two          meltwater. This corresponds to an average rate of         shallow lakes situated on the bottom. James Ross        0.77  ±  0.12  mm  per  year  within  the  most         Island is located off the north-eastern coast of the    significantly affected areas since the deglaciation.         Antarctic Peninsula in semi-arid polar climate. The     It  should  be  noted  that  this  average  value  would         average annual precipitation is about 300–500 mm,       have  been  highly  changeable  throughout  the         most of which is in the form of snow. Strong winds      Holocene  in  connection  with  the  climate         redistribute the snow into drifts, which can last all   conditions.         through the following summer. As the snow melts,        Grain-size  analysis  of  the  samples  supports  the         fine regolith particles are carried by meltwater and    removal of the finest fraction and its accumulation         accumulate in pronival alluvial fans at the foothill    on the depression floor in form of pronival alluvial         and  the  depression  floor.  Long-term  downslope      fans.  Within  transects  unaffected  by  nivation         transport results in a significant remodelling of the   processes,  the  ratio  of  the  finest  fraction         slope profile. Based on exposure dating of erratic      (<  0.063  mm)  remains  more  steady  along  the         boulders  from  Cape  Lachman,  it  has  been           profile.         determined  that  the  deglaciation  of  the  area         occurred 12.9 ± 1.2 ka ago (Nývlt et al., 2014). This                                                            25","However, where extensive remodelling of the slope       References         profile has occurred, the ratio of the finest fraction   Matthes,  F.  E.  (1900).  Glacial  sculpture  of  the         is  5×  higher  in  the  sample  from  the  slope  apron   Bighorn  Mountains,  Wyoming.  United  States         when compared to the sample from the middle part        Geological  Survey,  21st  Annual  Report,  1899–         of  the  slope.  This  suggests  that  nivation  is  an   1900, pp. 167–190.         important, but slow landscape-modelling factor in       Nývlt,  D.,  Braucher,  R.,  Engel,  Z.,  Mlčoch,  B.,         the  conditions  of  semi-arid  polar  climate  and  its   ASTER  Team.  (2014).  Timing  of  the  Northern         average rate could be quantified even at the scale      Prince  Gustav  Ice  Stream  retreat  and  the         of millennia.                                           deglaciation  of  northern  James  Ross  Island,                                                                  Antarctic  Peninsula  during  the  last  glacial–         Acknowledgments         Research was supported by Ministry of Education,        interglacial  transition.  Quaternary  Research,  82,         Youth  and  Sports  of  the  Czech  Republic  project   pp. 441–449.         CzechPolar 2 (LM2015078) and Ecopolaris project         Thorn,  C.E.,  Hall,  K.  (2002).  Nivation  and         (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001708)  and  by  the       cryoplanation: the case for scrutiny and integration.         Masaryk University project MUNI/A/1419/2016.            Progress in Physical Geography, 26, pp. 553–560.                                                                                                                         26","Snow cover in the Arctic city of Saint Petersburg in winter in conditions of global                                                        warming                                                  Evgenia Kolodiazhnaia 1,2*                          1  Urban Studies, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia            2               Economic and Social Geography, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg,                                                           Russia                                                    * kes3003@gmail.com                           Keywords: snow cover, global warming, urban heat island, climate changes, megalopolis            There is no doubt that in recent decades the facts of   of Saint Petersburg. In accordance to the obtained         developing  global  warming  have  become  more         results, the average annual air temperature in Saint         evident.  Obviously,  with  unfavourable  climate       Petersburg may rise by the end of the 21st century         changes,  large  cities  will  be  the  most  vulnerable   to  8.2  °C  in  the  case  of  the  favourable  scenario         objects of the global infrastructure. Megalopolises     \"B1\", and to 9.4 °C for the unfavourable scenarios         and  agglomerations  concentrate  large  masses  of     \"A1B\"  and  \"A2\".  The  increase  in  the  average         people,  industrial  sites,  transport  routes,  cultural   surface air temperature by 2100 in comparison with         objects, and many other things, which significantly     the  period  1971–2000  (5.4  °C)  will  be  2.8  °C         increase  the  total  vulnerability  of  urbanized      (scenario \"B1\" ), or 4.0 °C (scenarios \"A1B\" and         territories  under  climate  changes.  Due  to  global   \"A2\").         warming,  the  local  climates  in  large  cities  and   Another  impact  is  the  increase  in  the  average         surrounding  areas  will  change  significantly  and    annual amount of precipitation and the intensity of         megalopolises  will  supplement  these  changes         their  fallout.  According  to  the  estimates,  the         themselves  with  their  locally  provoked  climatic    increase  in  the  amount  of  precipitation  in         changes.                                                comparison with the period 1981–2010 by the end         Arctic  and  Subarctic  latitudes  of  the  Northern    of the 21st century will be 228 mm (the favourable         Hemisphere  are  the  region  of  the  globe  where,    scenario  \"B1\"),  or  262  mm  (the  unfavourable         according to experts, the impact of modern climate      scenario  \"A2\"). The mean annual rainfall for the         change should be most significant. In this regard, it   last 30 years accounts to 653 mm. At the same time,         seems extremely necessary to assess the possible        by 2100, the precipitation intensity is expected to         consequences  of  global  warming  for  the  fourth     increase by 20 %.         largest city of Europe – Saint Petersburg.              Also  the  level  of  the  Baltic  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of         The  following  climate  changes  are  predicted  to    Finland  is  expected  to  rise.  Using  the  regional         have an impact on the territory of Saint Petersburg,    climate  model  RCAO,  the  estimates  of  the         for  example  increasing  the  average  annual          scenarios for the increase of the level of the Baltic         temperature  of  atmospheric  air.  As  a  source  of   Sea show that the greatest increase in sea level will         predictive information on the thermal regime and        occur  in  the  southern  and  eastern  Baltic.  If  the         the  regime  of  humidification  of  the  territory     favourable \"B2\" scenario is implemented, sea level         of Saint Petersburg in the 21st century, the results    rise in the Saint Petersburg area will be about 40         of  calculations  using  the  model  of  the  general   cm by the end of the 21st century.         circulation  of  the  atmosphere  and  the  ocean       Snow cover is also expected to change. Due to the         ECHAM5_MPI-OM  were  used  for  the  three              increase of the air temperature in the cold season, a         scenarios   for    greenhouse    gas    emissions       further increase in the share of liquid and mixed         \"B1\",\"A1B\"  and  \"A2\".  An  empirical-statistical       precipitation is predicted, as well as an increase in         approach was applied to account for the \"urban heat     the frequency of thaws, which will lead to a further         island\"    formed      by     the    megalopolis        shift in the timing of the formation and destruction                                                            27","of  a  stable  snow  cover  in  the  territory          Saint Petersburg in February 2018 showed that the         of  Saint  Petersburg,  and  to  the  decrease  in  its   city was not able to cope fully with such a large         height.                                                 amount of snow and unstable temperatures. For this         Currently, most cities around the world recognize       purpose,  most  of  the  accessible  territories  of  the         the  problem  of  climate  change  and  its             Petrogradsky district were investigated and about         consequences,  and  despite  the  existing  financial   2000 photos were taken, reflecting the condition of         and  organizational  difficulties,  measures  for       streets,  squares,  and  parks.  The  evaluation  was         adaptation to the changes are being developed in        conducted on a subjective scale from 0 to 10 points,         many of them.                                           where 0 corresponded to a total catastrophe with         Variable  hydrothermal  environmental  conditions       clearing and 10 to the ideal. Attention was paid to         will affect epidemiological situation, public health,   the  condition  of  sidewalks,  footpaths  and  the         modern      building    structures,   engineering       carriageway, dangerous ice on the eaves of houses,         infrastructure, high-precision industrial production,   and obstructing the passage or driveway drifts.         green spaces, protected natural areas, monuments        The average score for the entire district was about         of  historical  and  cultural  heritage,  and  other    5.3 out of 10, while when excluding the parks and         components of the city.                                 squares from the assessment, it decreased to 4.8 out         In 2018, the air temperatures of Saint Petersburg in    of 10. This means that the example with snow cover         January rose above the norm by 5 °C and February        shows that the city is not yet ready for such rapid         turned out to be abnormally snowy. The study of         changes    in   the   weather    behaviour   and         the  urban  environment  and  the  analysis  of  the    Saint  Petersburg  has  to  adapt  to  future  climate         quality of winter clearing the open public spaces       changes.         from snow and ice in the Petrogradsky district of                                                                                                            28","The chlorophyll fluorescence of Antarctic lichen Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum                                                                1*                                           Michaela Marečková , Miloš Barták   1             1  Department of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University,                               University Campus – Bohunice, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic                                                  *mareckova.mm@gmail.com                               Key words: Antarctic lichen, chlorophyll fluorescence, OJIP, stress physiology            Lichens  are  major  autotrophic  components  of        parameters  were  attributed  to  the  different         Antarctic  terrestrial  vegetation  coping  well  with   production and utilization of high-energy products         extreme environmental factors. Their physiological      of primary photochemical processes.         responses to stress factors are important in respect    We     also    measured    the    responses    of         to  the  recent  climate  variability.  In  our  recent   D. polyphyllizum to the short-term high light stress.         studies, we have investigated the effect of extreme     The     preliminary    results    suggest    that         environmental  conditions  on  the  Antarctic  lichen   D.  polyphyllizum  is  highly  resistant  to  the                                                                                            -2         Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum (collected on James         irradiance  of  1000  µmol  m (2  hours),  probably         Ross  Island,  Antarctica)  and  its  photosynthetic    because  of  strongly  pigmented  upper  cortex         apparatus.  The  changes  of  fast  chlorophyll         providing  an  effective  light  absorption  on  sunny         fluorescence  transients  (OJIP)  and  OJIP-derived     days. We also concluded, that OJIP is a useful tool         parameters  were  measured  during  gradually           to  investigate  temperature-dependent  changes  in         decreasing thallus temperature (22, 18, 14, 12, 10,     photosystem    II   functioning.   OJIPs,   their         7, 4, 0 and -5 °C) with 10 min acclimation at each      parameters,  respectively,  might  be  used  in  the         temperature.  The  initial  photochemical  phase  of    studies focused on photoinhibition, i.e., limitation         transient  (O-J)  was  found  temperature-dependent     of  energy  flow  through  PSII  during  high  light         due  to  the  altered  redox  state  of  the  primary   treatment,  as  well  as  consequent  recovery  of         quinone acceptors (QA). The K-step was apparent         primary  photosynthetic  processes  in  chlorolichen         for the samples measured above 12 °C. Dark- and         photobionts.         light-adapted sample measurements (OJIPs) were          We thank to CzechPolar2 and ECOPOLARIS for         compared,  the  differences  in  the  OJIP-derived      funding.                                                                                             29","Introduction to the 2018 field study of braided Monolith and Keller streams, James                                                Ross Island, Antarctica                                                                         1                                                      1*                                    Lenka Ondráčková , Radim Stuchlík , Daniel Nývlt  1                                  1  Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University                                                * lenkaondrackova@mail.muni.cz                              Keywords: gravel-bed rivers, sediment transport, James Ross Island, Antarctica             Braided  rivers  and  their  surroundings  are  very    fine  grain-sized  lacustrine  sediments  with  more         rapidly  changing  systems  of  Polar  Regions          nutrients  and  algae  were  also  observed.  For  the         (Carrivick and Heckmann, 2017). The evolution of        sediment  transport  characteristics,  we  collected         these  areas  is  connected  with  the  changeable      bedload  sediment  from  in-channel  bars  in  two         hydrological  regime,  interaction  with  glacier       fractions  (8–16  mm;  64–256  mm)  along  the         melting,  thawing  of  snowfields  and  active  layer,   longitudinal profile of streams and measured clast         and atmospheric temperature increases. Our aims         size, shape, roundness and petrology. According to         are to identify the sediment transport regime and       the field survey and a geological map (Mlčoch et         bedload  material  changes  of  proglacial  braided     al.,  2018),  basalt,  palagonite  form  hyaloclastite         streams  influenced  by  climate  change-driven         breccia,  and  sandstone  are  the  main  petrological         glacier melting and associated discharge changes.       types present in the catchment. The clast-measured         During the summer research season, we observed a        characteristics give us an overview of transported         relationship  between  the  transported  bedload        material, and together with topographical changes         lithology and texture, and hydrological regime. The     of channels we can evaluate the short-term fluvial         studied catchment of Monolith Stream is located in      changes.         the  northern  James  Ross  Island,  north-eastern      Acknowledgements         Antarctic Peninsula. The catchment area is about        Research was supported by Ministry of Education,                2         31  km .  The  studied  streams  are  the  Monolith     Youth  and  Sports  of  the  Czech  Republic  project         (5.4 km in length) and Keller streams (6.2 km in        CzechPolar 2 (LM2015078) and Ecopolaris project         length).  A  complex  geomorphological  mapping         (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001708)  and  by  the         was  undertaken  during  the  Czech  Antarctic          Masaryk University project MUNI/A/1419/2016.         expedition 2017–2018. We used various ortophoto         images  and  DEM  (Polar  Geospatial  Center,           References                                                                 Carrivick, J. L., Heckmann, T. (2017). Short-term         University of Minnesota; 2015, unpublished data)        geomorphological     evolution    of   proglacial         for the landforms delimitation. Geomorphological        systems. Geomorphology, 287, pp. 3–28.         landforms were subsequently verified in the field.         The  sediment  sources  important  for  the  studied    Mlčoch,  B.,  Nývlt,  D.,  Mixa,  P.,  Eds.  (2018).         streams  were  determined  and  categorized.  The       Geological map of James Ross Island – Northern         dominant  sediment  sources  were  the  morainic        part 1:25,000. Czech Geological Survey, Praha.         complex of Whisky Glacier in the upper reaches of       Digital  Elevation  Model  2015.  Polar  Geospatial         the  catchment,  and  the  colluvial  fans  and  fluvial   Center, University of Minnesota.         fans  of  side-tributaries.  In  the  Monolith  Stream,                                                                     30","Use of Structure-from-Motion for morphometry analyses of nivation structures on                                                   James Ross Island                                                   1*                                                                        1                                                                                       1                                   Jakub Ondruch , Michaela Kňažková , Filip Hrbáček                                  1  Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University                                                  * jakub.ondruch@gmail.com                       Keywords: structure-from-motion, stereophotogrametry, nivation, James Ross Island, Antarctica             Structure-from-motion  has  been  in  recent  years     also blown by the wind. When the snow melts, the         successfully used in earth science for numbers of       fine material is deposited on the depression floor.         applications. It is a non-invasive and time-efficient   With meltwater being the only available source of         method, which offers spatially as well as temporary     moisture  in  the  otherwise  arid  landscape,  the         high  resolution  digital  elevation  models  and       bottoms of the nivation hollows are often the only         ortophoto maps. When combined with the use of           spots with vegetation.         UAV technology, it offers very powerful technique       The workflow of data acquisition was as follows.         that is capable of substituting conventional LIDAR      In  total,  ten  sites  containing  well  distinguishable         or stereophotogrametry for micro- and mesoscale         nivation hollows with dimension of approximately         points of interest.  In our case, it has been applied   100 × 100 m were chosen.  Further, another four         to study processes forming nivation hollows on a        sites  with  similar  depression  of,  most  probably,         moraine in Brandy Bay, James Ross Island.               thermokarst  origin  were  established,  as  well,  in         The area of interest for this research is a low ridge   order to offer comparison. In each site, six to seven         flanking  the  south-western  coastline  of  Brandy     ground  control  points  for  postprocessing  of  the         Bay, about 3.5 km long and up to 0.7 km wide. The       model were established by using wooden pegs and         moraine was deposited in Mid-Holocene during the        yellow  and  red  A4  paper  with  precisely  marked         advance  of  Whisky  Glacier.  There  are  numerous     centre. Then, they were measured for exact position         shallow depressions on the surface of the moraine,      by dGPS Trimble 7× with less than 4 cm relative         which  might  have  initially  been  of  thermokarst    precision. Aerial images were obtained by a camera         origin, but have gradually developed into nivation      mounted  to  Mavic  Pro  quadrocopter.  The  whole         hollows. The size of these depressions ranges from      process of flying and capturing images was set to         very small (covering the area of only a few square      be as automated as possible. Pix4D software was         metres with no prominent headwall) to moderately        used  to  delineate  the  area  of  interest,  setting         large featuring a headwall of 0.5 – 1.5 m in height     waypoint,  height  of  camera  (30-35  m  to  achieve         and up to 30 metres long. Based on wind data from       resolution of less than 2 cm), and overlap of images         nearby  Johnson  Mesa  AWS,  the  prevailing  wind      (around  65  %).  Each  site  was  managed  to  be         direction in the area is from the south to southwest.   sampled  by  one  flight  limited  by  the  capacity  of         The  estimates  of  annual  precipitation  on  James    battery,  which  varied  from  15  to  20  minutes         Ross  Island  range  from  300  to  500  mm.            depending  on  actual  weather  conditions.  Images         Redistribution of snow by wind is a very important      were further processed in Agisoft Photoscan for the         factor  here.  The  nivation  depressions  are  most    final  product  of  digital  elevation  model  and         abundant and best developed on the lee slopes of        ortophoto map. Obtained data will be further used         the moraine, where the snow accumulates in drifts.      for  a  detailed  morphometrical  analysis  of  the         The snow patches trap the fine particles of material    nivation hollows on Brandy Bay moraine.                                                                    31","Surface structures characteristics of Antarctic lichens studied by a digital microscope                                                        approach                                                              1*                                              Alla Orekhova , Miloš Barták  1             1  Department of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University,                               University Campus – Bohunice, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic                                                    * 477268@mail.muni.cz                  Keywords:  digital microscopy, Antarctic lichen species, surface structures of lichens, morphometric analysis             Digital microscopy is a modern technology, which        from 5 to 1000. Keyence VHX software allowed to         integrates  light  microscopy  and  digital  imaging.   measure  the  height  profile  along  a  selected  line         Technically,  digital  microscopy  technology           placed across a thallus or apothecia. DFP method         combines  optical,  electronic,  mechanical,  and       (Depth  From  Defocus),  which compiles different         digital  imaging,  image  processing,  and  image       focal  planes,  allowed  accurate  measurements  of         analysis, which allows to observe, receive, record,     lichen surface structures viewed in real time. Tiny         analyse  and  manage  the  data  received  from  the    details  of  microrelief  could  be  measured  on  the         image analysis. We use this method for studying         observed  surface.  All  biometrical  data  of  the         the  microstructure  of  the  upper  surfaces  of       measured  objects  could  be  exported  to  any         Antarctic  lichen  species.  In  the  study  of  living   spreadsheet and common data processors.         biological objects, the use of this method provides     We  studied  Umbilicaria  decussata,  Umbilicaria         a nondestructive approach of the visualization of       torrefacta,  Usnea  aurantiaco-atra,  Placopsis         the  surface  morphology  with  a  high-quality         contortpulicata,  Dermatocarpon  polyphillizum,         resolution.                                             Rhizoplaca melaophthalma and other species. The         This paper is devoted to the results of microscopic     gained  results  on  a  3-D  structure  are  discussed:         examination of the surface structures of lichens and    interspecific, hydration- and developmental stage-         the  subsequent  morphometric  analysis.    Another     dependent differences.         goal is to evaluate the changes in 3-D structure of     In conclusion, we think 3D models resulting from         thalli as dependent on hydration status, and their      digital microscopy offer great opportunities in the         interspecific  differences.  In  addition,  we  use  the   study  (especially  the  smallest  fragments)  of  the         digital images of lichen thallus to create a database   surface  structures  of  lichen  thallus,  as  well  as  in         of lichen species containing detailed morphological     their accurate measurement. This approach allows         microstructures, such as pustulas or apothecia. This    to  study  the  hydration-dependent  changes  in  the         way,  the  use  of  the  digital  microscope  allows    morphology  of  lichens.  Information  obtained         studying  in  detail  the  reproductive  organs  of     through  microscopic  analysis  is  important  for         various species of lichens, their number, position      identifying  lichen  species  and  for  building  a         on the surface, dimensions, and profile.                reliable database.         The  samples  of  lichens  were  collected  at  the     Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful for         northern  part  of  James  Ross  Island  and  analysed   the  support  provided  by  the  CzechPolar2  and         using  a  digital  VHX-900F  (Keyence,  Japan)          ECOPOLARIS projects allocated at the Masaryk         microscope     with   a   maximum      resolution       University, Brno.         of 19.5 megapixels and the magnification ranging                                                                   32","The huge heating experiment: initial results                                          1*                                                                                                1                                                               1                                                                                 1                          Nataliia Petrzhik , Georgy Matyshak , Olga Goncharova , Anna Bobrik               1  Department of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia                                                    * petrzhik.nat@mail.ru                                Keywords: permafrost, soil, pipeline, СО2 efflux, Arctic, heating process             Northern  ecosystems  are  dynamic  and  sensitive      dynamics of the hydrological situation of the heat         indicators of the environmental change. The carbon      lines.         reserve, which is contained in soils and conserved      During the field trip in August 2016 and 2017, the         in  the  permafrost  of  northern  ecosystems,  is      transformed  ecosystems  were investigated by the         vulnerable to any climate change and can shift the      transect method with the following parameters:         carbon balance.                                          1)  10  perpendiculars,  each  of  which  included  a         Model  calculations  of  temperature  changes  are      natural area (natural site), and a transformed area         based  on  experimental  data  from  field  and         without mechanical disturbance (heating site);         laboratory research. Unfortunately, lab research is     2) 5 parallels at the natural site, and 5 at the heating         short-term  and  cannot  consider  all  natural         site.         conditions,  and  field  research  is  expensive  and   The soil and vegetation on each site were described         difficult  to  conduct.  Ambiguous  conclusions  are    and sampled. The heights of a typical shrub, as well         obtained  as  a  result  of  different  methods  of     as  the  ratio  of  grasses  to  mosses,  were  also         studying the warming of ecosystems.                     measured at each point. In addition, the thaw depth         The  goal  of  this  study  is  to  establish  the  real   of  soils,  the  soil  temperature  at  the  depth         response  of  tundra  ecosystems  to  the  increase  in   of 0–10 cm, the soil volumetric moisture, and the         soil temperatures. This research is unique, because     СО2 efflux were estimated. In the laboratory, pH,         we are using a ready-made large-scale experiment        total carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and         on heating in the permafrost.                           nitrogen  were  measured.  Moreover,  microbial         Since the 1960s, the oil and gas industry in Russia     biomass  carbon  (MBC),  and  basal  (BR)  and         has  been  developing  rapidly,  especially  in  the    substrate-induced  respiration  were  measured  as         Arctic. This causes the rise of soil temperatures and   well.         the thawing of permafrost. Because hydrocarbons         It was established that the ratio of grasses to shrubs         can be transferred by pipelines only in the heated      increased by 76 % at the heating site, and the ratio         state,  the  temperature  of  the  pipes  constantly    of  mosses  to  lichens  decreased  by  28  %.         remains high, which leads to the gradual decay of       Furthermore,  the  height  of  the  typical  shrub  was         permafrost.  Thus,  it  becomes  possible  to  use  the   almost 3 times greater at the heating site than at the         operation  of  the  pipeline  as  a  large-scale        natural  site  (55.6  ±  3.8  cm,  and  19.3  ±  1.5  cm,         experiment, where the pipeline acts as a \"heater\" in    respectively). The permafrost thaw at the heating         the permafrost.                                         site was 41.6 % greater compared to the natural site         The  research  took  place  in  Russia,  on  the  Taz   (from  32.1  ±  3.1  to  55.0  ±  3.9  cm).  The  soil         Peninsula,  in  the  Southern  Tundra.  The  study      temperature at 0–10 cm (in single measurements)         focused  on  the  condition  of  Southern  Tundra       at the heating site was almost 2.5 times higher than         ecosystems (specifically, the vegetation and soils)     at the natural site (6.5 ± 0.2 °C, and 2.7 ± 0.2 °C,         after the thermal action by the pipeline. The areas     respectively).  The  moisture  values  varied  widely         that  were  affected  the  most  were  identified  by   and  no  confirmed  changes  were  detected.  The         remote sensing. The degree of transformation was        maximum response was established for the crucial         determined by significant changes in the structure      СО2 efflux index. At the heating site, the efflux was                                                                                                 -1         and  composition  of  the  vegetation,  and  the        measured at 204.5 ± 77.8 mg C·g  of soil, which is                                                            33","-1         more  than  2  times  higher  than  the  efflux  at  the   9.23 ± 0.48 µg C·g  of soil and hour, respectively),                                        -1         natural site (104.7 ± 45.3 mg C·g  of soil). There is   which indicated a negative effect of the warming.         a  possibility  that  the  СО2  efflux  increases  at  the   It  is  possible  that  this  is  because  northern         heating site because there are many vascular plants     microorganisms  are  not  adapted  to  high         and their roots secrete СО2. Also, there are likely to   temperatures.         be physical processes of redistribution of СО2 flow     With  an  increase  in  temperature  by  3  °C,  the         due to the thawing of permafrost. Remarkably, this      quantity  of  vascular  plants  and  shrubs  increases,         integral index keeps increasing at the heating site,    the quantity of mosses and lichens decreases, and         regardless of the climatic conditions. Mineral soils    the  height  of  shrubs  increases  three  times,         have a higher СО2 efflux and react more strongly        indicating the change of species in the vegetation.         than  peat  soils,  which  is  due  to  the  fact  that   The temperature of the soils and the depth of thaw         temperatures  change  in  a  similar  way.  This  is    are  doubled,  and  the  СО2  efflux  increases         probably related to the closeness of permafrost to      2.0–2.5  times,  while  the  value  of  the  volumetric         peat soils.                                             soil  moisture  remains  constant.  An  unfavorable         The microbiological activity of the soils changed as    effect of soil heating is observed in the change of         well. The content of DOC tended to increase at the      the  microbiota  and  accumulation  of  the  labile         heating site in both types of transects: peat from      compounds. MBC preserves stable values.         1153.4  ±  176.2  to  2843.6  ±  814.6  mg·kg,  and     This work was partially supported by grants: RFBR         mineral from 786.0 ± 77.1 to 990.3 ± 106.1 mg·kg.       (16-04-00808 A; 18-04-00952) and RF President`s         The values of MBC did not differ significantly at       grant МК-1181.2018.5.         the  sites.  The  BR  of  peat  soils  was  lower  at  the         heating site than at the natural site (6.20 ± 0.66, and                                                                                                             34","Profile carbon distribution in soils of typical landscapes of Western Siberia                                                                                        1                                                           1*                                  Anna Rubenovna Sefilian , Olga Yurievna Goncharova                      1  Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Soil Science, Moscow, Russian Federation                                                   * annasefilyan@gmail.com             Keywords: organic carbon, carbon of microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon, permafrost, emission, soil respiration           Soil is one of the largest reservoirs of carbon on      The  total  carbon  storage  in  peat  soil  amounts  in                                                                                    2                                                                                                                2         Earth. Carbon can remain in soils for millennia, or     average to 26 kg·m , and in podzol, it is 6 kg·m .         be  quickly  released  back  into  the  atmosphere.     The  peat  soil  does  not  have  a  large  profile         Different  conditions,  such  as  climate,  natural     differentiation of carbon content, but if we estimate         vegetation,  soil  texture  or  drainage  affect  the   carbon storage taking into account bulk density, the         amount and length of time carbon is stored. The         main storage will be found in the lower T2 and T3         carbon  storage  in  different  soils  is  an  important   horizons (Table 1). In contrast to peat soil, podzol         characteristic, which is necessary for the modelling    has  an  uneven  profile  carbon  distribution.         of carbon cycle, and in the projecting of change in     Maximum  carbon  content  and  storage  are         the  intensity  of  the  CO2  release  from  the  soil   in the O horizon (litter). This is also worth noting         surface.                                                that  a  half  of  the  total  carbon  storage  is  in  the         The  aim  of  this  study  is  to  estimate  carbon     mineral part of podzol profile.         distribution in a profile of mineral podzol and in      Comparing the two contrasting soils by two various         permafrost-affected peat soil.                          forms of carbon (microbial biomass carbon (MBC)         Two typical landscapes, such as tundra forest and       and  dissolved  organic  carbon  (DOC)),  we  can         peat land, were located in the north of West Siberia    notice distinctions in its distribution related to the         (Russia) in the discontinuous permafrost zone. The      hydrothermal  regime,  geocryological  conditions         peat profile was divided into horizons according to     (absence  of  permafrost  under  podzol),  and  the         the  degree  of  decomposition,  age,  and  botanical   vegetation.         composition.             Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of soils (average values, standard deviation in parentheses)                                                                                                                e                                c                                             c                                                                                                 e                        Thickness  ,   Density  ,    Carbon                  Storage of  С   СMBC  ,       СDOC  ,            Horizon                        -3            d        C ∙ N  d -1    c                 -1           -1                           (cm)        (g∙cm )    content  , (%)                 , (%)     (mg  ∙ kd )   (mg ∙ kd )           Lichen litter    –             –         43.6 (0.2)   96 (20.7)        –           2197        548 (9.5)               Т1         9 (3.1)    0.08 (0.026)   42.7 (3.2)    27 (0.7)      18 (7)     1859 (834)    445 (71.7)                Т2        10 (4.5)    0.20 (0.023)   45.8 (1.4)    20 (2.3)      35 (12)     481 (290)    517 (158.5)                            a               Т3        12   (4.9)   0.22 (0.023)   46.8 (0.9)   22 (0.6)      47 (17)     181 (97)     594 (96.8)               О          8 (2.1)    0.09 (0.018)   41.1 (3.5)    41 (2.8)      54 (15)    5401 (1491)   580 (254)               AE          3 (0.8)    0.98 (0.297)   2.6 (0.9)     20 (4.3)      11 (3)      210 (69)      34 (11)               BHF        17 (6.4)    1.05 (0.049)   0.9 (0.4)     22 (0.3)      26 (12)      30 (10)       37 (5)                             b               C         10   (0.0)   1.15 (0.011)   0.5 (0.3)    25 (4.7)       9 (4)       16 (17)      27 (17)                                                               35","In the peat soil, the maximum content of MBC is in      horizon  has  10  %  of  the  MBC  profile  storage,                                                     -1         the upper horizons (2197 and 1859 µg MBC·g  soil        despite its mineral content and low capacity. DOC                                                                                                     -1         in the litter and T1, accordingly). Carbon content is   content reduces from 580 µg DOC·g soil in litter                                                                                     -1         sharply    reduced     to   the    T3     horizon       to 30–40 µg DOC·g soil in the mineral part. The                          -1         (181  µg  MBC·g soil).  The  content  of  DOC  is       total   content   of    DOC     in    peat   soil                                                                          -2         approximately  same  for  all  horizons.  However,      is 32 g·m  and it is twice more than in podzol, the         given the bulk density DOC storage of T3 horizon        total MBC is almost the same for both soils.         is 5 times greater than in T1 horizon.                  In  conclusion,  I  would  like  to  note  that  in  the         In the podzol, the maximum content of MBC is in         modelling  of  carbon  cycle,  carbon  of  lower         the upper horizons and it is decreasing by an order     horizons  should  not  be  neglected.  In  some         of  magnitude  in  each  subsequent  horizon  (from     conditions,  such  carbon  can  be  released  to  the         5000      µg     MBC·g  -1    soil    in    litter      atmosphere.                          -1         to  6  µg  MBC·g soil  in  C  horizon).  The  MBC       This work was funded by the Russian Foundation         storage  in  litter  accounts  for  80  %  of  the  total   for Basic Research grant № 16-04-00808.         profile MBC storage.  It  is important that the AE                                                                                                                         36","Peak-summer CO2 balance on a thawing permafrost peat mire in northern Norway                                                          2                                                                                    2                                             1*                     Isak Haldorsson Slettebø , Hanna Lee , Casper Tai Christiansen , Joachim Reuder 3                     1  Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway. Correspondence: isak.slettebo@student.uib.no                           2  Uni Research Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway                  3  Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway                                                 * Isak.Slettebo@student.uib.no                       Keywords: permafrost, carbon cycle, surface energy balance, micrometeorology, global warming           In  this  study,  we  measure  the  CO2  balance  on  a   scale  greenhouse  gas  emissions  using  a  series  of         thawing permafrost site in northern Norway. The         well-replicated static chambers deployed along the         net CO2 release to the atmosphere was negative for      hydrological  permafrost  thaw  gradient.  Together,         our 30-day measurement period.                          the main goals of our study are i) to estimate the net         Arctic and boreal soils store approximately twice       peak-summertime  CO2  balance  at  a  degrading         the  amount  of  carbon  currently  present  in  the    palsa mire ecosystem under permafrost thaw, ii) to         atmosphere. These regions are currently warming         evaluate the EC method by considering the surface         twice as fast as the rest of the world, and models      energy balance, and iii) to compare the EC method         project  that  about  10  %  of  their  soil  carbon  is   and  the  chamber  method  for  carbon  flux         vulnerable for release to the atmosphere as CO2 or      measurements       by     upscaling      chamber         methane (CH4) as the permafrost thaws during this       measurements to the whole catchment. Our study         century. Methane has a global warming potential         adds to similar but scarce field-based research on         25 times higher than that of CO2 over a 100-year        the permafrost-carbon climate feedback.         time period, but due to overall greater efflux, CO2     For i) we have found the net ecosystem exchange         is expected to dominate the climate forcing from        of  CO2 to  be  negative  on  average,  i.e.,  the  palsa         permafrost  carbon  emissions.  However,  these         mire was a net sink of CO2 during our measurement         projections are still relatively uncertain with more    period, despite the permafrost thaw. This suggests         observations  needed  in  order  to  determine  the     that the photosynthetic activity was strong enough         quantity and timing of  greenhouse  gas emissions       to  outweigh  increased  emissions  from  plant  and         from remote permafrost regions.                         soil  respiration.  For  ii)  we  have  not  managed  to         For this study, we use the eddy  covariance (EC)        close the surface energy balance: The energy input         method to quantify peak-summertime (7th July to         from radiation is greater than the sum of turbulent         6th August, 2017) CO2 and surface energy balance        fluxes and ground heat flux.  This is very often the         on a peat mire with actively thawing permafrost.        case in experiments, but perhaps not to the same         Our study site is located in Finnmark, northernmost     degree as for our study. We plan on comparing the         Norway  (N  69°),  and  the  area  consists  of  large   two flux calculation methods later this spring.         palsas,  which  are  peat  plateaus  containing  intact   The  palsa  mires  in  Fennoscandia  define  the         permafrost within their thick organic mounds. As        westernmost edge of the Eurasian permafrost zone,         the permafrost thaws, the palsas degrade, and they      and ground temperatures here are generally higher         eventually  collapse  into  inundated  wetlands.  The   than in other vast permafrost regions. This suggests         steep hydrological  gradient going from dry palsa       that changes observed in Fennoscandia today might         mounds into the inundated thaw-ponds drastically        reveal what lies ahead for similar ecosystems in the         alters the local carbon cycle.  Therefore, in addition   much  colder  and  larger  areas  in,  for  example,         to using an EC tower measuring the CO2 balance          Russia.         on a catchment scale, we also quantify the small-                                                               37","The genome sequence of Pseudomonas prosekii, a novel Antarctic bacterium                                                                           2                                     1                                                                                         3                                                          1                   Kateřina Snopková *, Kristýna Dufková , Darina Čejková , Ivo Sedláček , David Šmajs  1                 1  Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University; Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic                              2  Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic              3  Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University;                                            Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic                                                  * k.snopkova@mail.muni.cz                       Keywords: Pseudomonas prosekii, James Ross Island, Antarctica, extremophile, cold-adaptation            Pseudomonas  spp.  are  ubiquitous  in  various         Cold-adaptation strategies include production cold         terrestrial and aquatic habitats, even in permanently   shock proteins and ice-protective solutes, reduction         cold  area.  Intensive  microbial  research  and  new   of   reactive   oxygen     species   (ROS)     or         techniques development resulted in description of       exopolysaccharides    protection   and    biofilm         several  new  pseudomonads  originated  from            formation. In P. prosekii genomes, six homologs of          Antarctica, e.g., P. antarctica, P. deceptionensis, P.   cold  shock  protein  CspA  were  identified.  More         prosekii or P. gregormendelii. Despite the progress     than one hundred genes encode proteins reducing         in  description  of  polar  microbial  diversity,  our   oxidative stress; e.g., enzymes catalase, superoxide         knowledge  about  surviving  strategies  of  these      dismutase or peroxidise, proteins reacting with NO         extremophiles  remains  insufficient.  In  Antarctic    or reduce Fe stress.         region only microorganisms coping with extreme         conditions,  like  very  low  temperature,  cyclic      Table 1. Stress related genes in the genomes of P.         freeze-thaw,  aridity  or  limited  nutrients,  could   prosekii P2406 and P2673.         survive.  Psychrophilic  pseudomonads  adapted  to                                         P2406  P2763         local  environment  could  represent  undiscovered       Total no. of stress genes          234    232                                                                  Osmotic stress                      33     33         source of biomolecules active at low temperature.         Oxidative stress                  102    105         Pseudomonas  prosekii  was  isolated  exclusively         Cold shock                         6      6         from  James  Ross  Island  close  to  Antarctic           Heat shock                         17     17         Peninsula.  Two  Gram-negative,  cold-adapted,            Detoxification                     27     28         aerobic strains, designated P2406 and P2673, were         Universal stress protein family    1      1         isolated  from  soil  and  seaweed  samples,              SigmaB stress responce regulation    8    8         respectively, collected in 2007–2008. Genome of           Bacterial hemoglobins              13     13         both  strains  were  sequenced  and  analysed  with       Hfl operon                         6      6                                                                   Carbon Starvation                  14     8         respect  to  phylogenetical  position,  low  genes                                                                   Periplasmic Stress                 7      7         conferring  adaptability  to  low  temperature  and         potential biotechnological applications. Sequences      Freezing   periods    could   be   survived   by         could  be  found  in  GOLD  database  under  the        accumulation freeze-protective solutes. In both P.         accession numbers Gp0137070 and Gp0154205 for           prosekii  strains,  33  genes  were  predicted  as         P2406 and P2673, respectively.                          protective  against  osmotic  stress  including  genes         The  genome  of  P.  prosekii  P2406  comprises         for  synthesis  of  glycine-betaine  and  osmotic         of 5.9 Mbp and 5,420 genes (GC content 59.69 %)         related-transport systems. Extracellular polymeric         whereas the genome of P. prosekii P2673 consists        substances  production  and  biofilm  formation         of 6.1 Mbp and 5,579 genes (GC content 59.49 %).        protect cells from various external stressors, e.g.,         Analysis of P. prosekii genomes revealed the genes      high osmolarity or cold shock. Genes involved in         responsible  for  environmental  adaptability.  Total   alginate   and    poly-b-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine         number  of  genes  connected  to  stress  response  is   (Pga) were detected in P. prosekii genomes. Iron         234  (P2406)  and  232  (P2673),  see  Table  1.        availability could be crucial for colonization in the                                                            38","pristine  Antarctic  environment.  Production  of       The first genome analysis of P. prosekii genomes         fluorescent  iron-scavenging  protein  pyoverdine       highlights  our  insufficient  knowledge  about  low         was  detected  both  strains  and  genome  analysis     temperature extremophiles and could be helpful in         revealed  corresponding  genes.  Further,  high  UV     elucidating   of    adaptation    strategies   of         doses and ROS elimination could be mediated by          Pseudomonas spp. in polar regions.         pigments  production.  Both  P.  prosekii  strains         encode  clusters  for  yellow  aryl  polyene  (APE)     Acknowledgements         which is related to carotenoids protecting against      The  research  was  supported  by  the  Ministry  of                                                                 Education,  Youth  and  Sports  of  the  Czech         UV radiation and possess antioxidative properties.      Republic, Project CzechPolar2 (LM2015078).         Inspection  of  both  P.  prosekii  genomes  supports          their well adaptation to extreme Antarctic lifestyle.                                                                                                                                  39","Heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soil from                                               Longyearbyen, Svalbard                                                                         2                                                                                               2            Thomas Stehrer 1,3* , Anna Polášková 2,3* , Markus Himmelsbach , Wolfgang Buchberger , Achim Walter                                      1                                                                                           3                                                            1                                                                             3,4                               Hassel , Jan Philipp Kolender , Petra Luláková , Josef Elster                     1  Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria                               2  Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria                        3  Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic                    4  Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic                                         * t.stehrer@gmail.com; annapolaskova@gmail.com                     Keywords: Svalbard, environmental pollution, soil, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons                                                                  extent  of  heavy  metal  pollution,  two  commonly         The Arctic is a sensitive environment reacting to         disturbances  by  human-related  pollution.  Heavy      used indices, geo-accumulation (Igeo) and pollution         metals  and  polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbons         load index (PLI), were applied. Igeo indicated slight         (PAHs)  are  amongst  the  pollutants  of  significant   to moderate pollution for copper and zinc at one         importance,  being  present  at  various  levels  in    site,  and  PLI  suggested  three  sampling  sites  as         almost every ecosystem. Soil is an environmental        generally  polluted.  No  correlation  between         sink  of  these  pollutants,  representing  therefore  a   individual  metal  concentrations  and  pH  or  SOM         suitable  indicator  of  environmental  pollution.  In   was found. Between the concentration of the sum         this  study,  the  concentrations  of  selected  heavy   of  PAHs  and  heavy  metals,  no  correlation  was         metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and 16 US           found  either.  This  indicates  different  sources  of         EPA priority PAHs were analysed in surface soil         PAHs and metals. To put the results further into         samples from Longyearbyen, Svalbard. In total, 15       context, the assessed values were compared to the         samples from the vicinity  of  Longyearbyen from        Dutch  legislative  limits,  since  no  thresholds  are         similar  habitats  were  collected  and  basic  soil    available for Svalbard. Hence, PAH concentrations         parameters  (soil  organic  matter  SOM,  pH)  were     generally exceeded the target values but were still         assessed.   Furthermore,    metal    and    PAH         below the intervention thresholds. Concerning the         concentrations were determined by ICP-OES and           analysed heavy metals, only copper and zinc values         GC-MS, respectively. The sum of 16 PAHs ranged          at one site exceeded the Dutch limits.                                    -1         from 0.390 to 7.168 mg · kg  of soil dry weight and     References         was significantly  correlated with the soil organic     Marquès, M., Sierra, J., Drotikova, T., Mari, M.,         matter  content  (Pearson’s  correlation  test,  0.74,    Nadal, M., Domingo, J. L. (2017). Concentrations         p < 0.05). The measured concentrations of PAHs          of  polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbons  and  trace         were  comparable  to  those  measured  in  2017  in     elements in Arctic soils: A case-study in Svalbard.         Pyramiden,  a  mining  town  abandoned  in  1998        Environmental  Research  journal,  159,  pp.  202–         (Marquès, et al., 2017). For the estimation of the      211.                                                                           40","Convection of air in the snow cover of sea ice, at the base of the Ice Station \"Mys                                                       Baranova\".                                                              1*                                                                                    2                                      Aleksandra A. Sumkina , Peter V. Bogorodskii             1  Institute of Earth Science, Saint Petersburg State University,  Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia                          2  Arctic \& Antarctic Research Institute, Bering St. 38, 199397, Saint Petersburg, Russia                                                * alexandrasumkina@gmail.com                Keywords: convection, snow cover, Rayleigh filtration numbers, thermodynamic model, the detailed measurements            Natural ice is covered with a layer of snow, which      the increase in the ice underlying layer, depending         consists of ice structure and air-filled pores. In the   on the changing weather conditions for the same         case  of  temperature  differences  at  its  outer      period of time (Sturm et al., 2002). The calculations         boundaries, a macroscopic movement of air begins        of the Rayleigh numbers from the thermodynamic         in the snow, greatly intensifying the heat and mass     model  have  shown  their  significant  temporal         transfer.                                               variability  due  to  the  variations  in  atmospheric         An analytic solution of the problem of the stability    conditions,  primarily  air  temperature  and  wind         of  liquid  in  a  porous  layer  (the  Rayleigh-Darcy   speed.  An  additional  difficulty  in  calculating  the         problem)  for  the  temperature  and  dynamic           stability criteria created an approximate character         boundary conditions is presented here (Warren et        of the empirical dependences of the thermophysical         al.,  1999).  This  study  takes  into  account         parameters of snow on its density, caused by a large         oceanographic specifications of the problem within      spread  of  the  initial  data,  as  well  as  errors  in         the framework of the linear theory using an integral    calculations due to the uneven spatial distribution         version  of  the  Galerkin  method  (Zhekhamukhov       of  the  ice  cover  thickness.  In  a  simplified         and Zhekhamukhova, 2002)                                formulation  of  the  problem  of  Rayleigh-Darcy         The stability criteria (Rayleigh filtration numbers)     convective stability with horizontal boundaries, a         obtained with an allowance for heat exchange with       series  of  processes  taking  place  in  the  real  snow         the atmosphere and ice can differ significantly from     cover  were  ignored.  Comparing  the  Rayleigh                        2         the value of 4Π  for a horizontal porous layer with     numbers,     determined      theoretically   and         impermeable isothermal boundaries, which is often       experimentally,  their  commensurability  was         used to assess the conditions for the occurrence of     shown. This testified the reality of the convective         convective  filtration  in  snow  (Bogorodskii  et  al.,   heat  transfer  regime  and  the  need  to  take  into         2010).                                                  account  its  contribution  to  the  thermal  and  mass         To  find  the  Rayleigh  number  under  the  real       balance  of  the  Arctic  sea  ice  in  the  winter,         conditions, detailed measurements of the thermal        especially  in  the  initial  period  of  ice  formation,         structure  and  the  immobile  ice  cover  metric       most important from the point of view of energy         characteristics of the Shokalsky Strait (Severnaya      and  mass  exchange  of  the  sea  and  atmosphere.         Zemlya  archipelago)  were  made  at  the  AARI         Progress in its solution was expected in complex         Research  Station  \"Mys  Baranova\"  during  the         observations, including continuous measurements         winter  2015–2016.  The  results,  including  the       of the height of the snow cover and the temperature         temporal  variability,  were  supplemented  by  the     field in its thickness and outer boundaries with the         calculations  on  the  thermodynamic  model  of  the    help  of  modern  equipment  (high-sensitivity         sea ice, taking into account the processes of energy    temperature sensors, acoustic snow height meters,         and  mass  transfer  in  the  atmospheric  boundary     IR radiometers), deployed currently at the base of         layer.  The  values  of  temperature  gradient  in  the   the Ice Station \"Mys Baranova\".         snow layer were obtained taking into consideration                                                             41","References                                              snow  on  the  ice  of  the  Beaufort  Sea.  Journal  of         Bogorodskii,  P. V., Marchenko, A. V., Pnushkov,        Geophysical Research, 107 (C21), pp. 8043.         A.  V.,  Ogorodov,  S.A.  (2010).  The  formation  of   Warren,  S.  G.,  Rigor,  I.  G.,  Untersteiner,  N.,         fast  ice  and  its  effect  on  the  coastal  zone.    Radionov,V. F., Bryazgin, N. N., Aleksandrov, Y.          Oceanology, 50 (3), pp. 345–354.                        I., Colony R. (1999). Snow depth on Arctic sea ice.         Powers,  D.,  O’Neill,  K.,  Colbeck,  S.  C.  (1985).   Journal of Climatology, 12 (6), pp. 1814–1829.         Theory of natural convection in snow. Journal of        Zhekhamukhov, M. K., Zhekhamukhov I. M.         Geophysical Research, 90 (6), pp. 10641–10649.          (2002). On convective instability of air in snow         Sturm, M., Perovich, D. K., Holmgren, J. (2002).        cover. Journal of Engineering Physics and         Thermal conductivity and heat transfer through the      Thermophysics, 75 (4), pp. 65–72.                                                                                                                                    42","Climate variability during MIS-11 (370–440 ka BP) from the isotopic composition (δD,                                           δ18O, δ17O) of Vostok ice core                                                                     1,2             Arina Nikolaevna Veres 1,2* , Alexey Anatolyevich Ekaykin , Diana Olegovna Vladimirova  1,2,3 , Anna                                                                         1                                        1                                                                                                        1,4                 Vladimirovna Kozachek , Vladimir Yakovlevich Lipenkov , Alexandra Andreevna Skakun                                   1  Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia                          2  Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia                     3  Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark                4  The Central Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Pulkovo, Saint Petersburg, Russia                                                       * veres@aari.ru                         Keywords: ice cores, Antarctica, paleoclimate, stable water isotopes, Marine Isotope Stage 11            The  Earth’s  climate  changes  in  the  Pleistocene    temperature but is very sensitive to the variations         appear as a sequence of the glacial and interglacial    of relative humidity in the moisture source.         periods. These periods are conventionally known         as  marine  isotope  stages  (MIS).  The  detailed         investigation  of  the  interglacials  of  the  Late         Pleistocene  based  on  marine  and  terrestrial         sediments  aims  to:  1)  determine  the  factors         influencing  the  duration  of  warm  periods;         2)  understand  how  climatic  conditions  could  be         developed  without  human  impact  in  the  future.         Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS-11, 370–420 ka BP)         is  of  particular  interest,  since  the  climatic         conditions of MIS-11 are similar to the conditions         in the Holocene (MIS-1).         The analysis of the stable isotope content is one of         the  leading  methods  in  paleogeography.  The  ice    Figure 1 Time series of isotopic characteristics based on the         cores retrieved from polar ice sheets are a unique      Vostok ice core measurements over the period of 370–440 ka                                                                                   17         archive of paleoclimatic information. For the last      BP: a – d-excess; b –  O-excess; c – δD: 1 – the Vostok ice         60 years, the isotope method has been successfully      core; 2 – the Concordia ice core [1].         applied to ice core samples in order to study climate         variability in the past (for the last 800 ka). Isotopic   Here we present a new detailed isotope data and the                                                                                 17         composition  (concentration  of  heavy  water           first  results  of  O-excess  measurements  in  the                        16                                     18         molecules  HD O  and  H2 O)  of  the  central           Vostok (central East Antarctica) ice core samples         Antarctica ice cores depends on the local climatic      from  the  warm  stage  MIS-11  (370–420  ka  BP)         conditions  (condensation  temperature)  and  the       (Figure 1). We perform  simultaneous analysis of         conditions  in  the  moisture  source  (sea  surface    three  independent  parameters  (δD,  deuterium                                                                         17         temperature, relative humidity).                        excess,  O-excess),  allowing  to  reconstruct  the         In the last decade, a new isotopic method, which is     time-series  of  the  anomalies  of  sea  surface         related to the measurement of the concentration of      temperature and relative humidity in the moisture                                                       18                                     17         the  rare  water  molecule  H2 O  relative  to  H2 O    source,  and  also  the  ranges  of  the  variation  of         (so-called   17 O-excess  parameter),  has  been        condensation  temperature  and  near-surface  air         developed.  Although  the  nature  of   17 O-excess     temperature  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Vostok  station         variations is not fully understood, it is assumed that   during  MIS-11 (Figure 2).         17 O-excess  negligibly  depends  on  condensation                                                             43","We,  for  the  first  time,  present  the  records  of  the   cores indicate that the surface temperature during         negligibly  small  variations  of  relative  humidity   the MIS-11 optimum was 4 °C higher than present-         above  the  ocean  in  MIS-11.  In  addition,  we       day  temperature,  while  the  temperature  during         compare  the  reconstructed  data  of  climatic         Termination V was 8 °C lower than nowadays. We         conditions  during  MIS-11  with  the  published        conclude that the similarity of the datasets received         records from the Concordia station (EPICA DC ice        from  the  marine  cores  DSDP  94-607  (the  North         core)  as  well  as  with  the  marine  core  data  from   Atlantic) and ODP 177-1090 (the Southern Ocean)         DSDP  94-607  and  ODP  177-1090  (Figure  2)           with our results points at the global change of sea         (Jouzel  et  al.,  2007;  Ruddiman  et  al.,  1989;     surface  temperature  during  MIS-11.  The  high         Martinez-Garcia et al., 2010).                          coherence of the datasets proves the high quality of                                                                 the  developed  methods  of  the  measurement  and                                                                 interpretation of the ice core isotopic composition.                                                                   Acknowledgments                                                                 This  investigation  was  made  under  the  finance                                                                 support of the Russian Science Foundation, grant                                                                 № 14-27-00030 «Evolution of climate, glaciation                                                                 and subglacial environments of Antarctica from the                                                                 deep  ice  core  and  Lake  Vostok  water  sample                                                                 studies».                                                                   References                                                                 Jouzel,  J.,  Masson-Delmotte,  V.,  Cattani,  O.,                                                                 Dreyfus, G., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J.,                                                                 Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet,                                                                 J. C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L.,                                                                 Luethi, D., Oerter, H, Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G.,                                                                 Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, E.,                                                                 Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J.                                                                 P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J. 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Paleoceanography  and         94-607  record  (the  North  Atlantic)  [2];  3  –  SST  from  the   Paleoclimatology, 4 (4), pp. 353–412.         marine core ODP 177–1090 (the Southern Ocean) [3]; c – air   Martinez-Garcia, A., Rosell-Melé, A., McClymont,         temperature  in  the  vicinity  of  Vostok  station:  4  –   E. L., Gersonde, R., Haug, G. H. (2010). Subpolar         condensation  temperature  ∆TC;  5  –  near-surface  air         temperature  ∆Tsurf;  d  –  deuteruim  concentration  δD  in  the   Link to the Emergence of the Modern Equatorial         Vostok ice core samples                                 Pacific  Cold  Tongue.  Science,  328  (5985),  pp.                                                                 1550–1553.         The  results  based  on  the  isotopic  composition         measurements  of  the  Vostok  and  Concordia  ice                                                               44","LOOK FORWARD TO MEETING YOU IN 2019!                                                                             45"];